Gender Roles in Jeopardy

Erica Ahern Eng 102-09 Essay 3 November 4, 2009 Gender Roles in Jeopardy Traditional gender roles are being threatened in today’s economy, the out-dated stereotype that men are better workers than women is now absurd. Although, the stereotype that women can take care of the household better than men has not changed. For as long as human behavior has been documented there have been strict ideals of the different gender roles in parenting.These hunter and gatherer sub sequential gender responsibilities have fundamentally defined what the correct social position for men and women are, yet recently in some households those traditional gender roles have become reversed. The Movie â€Å"Daddy Day Care† is about the plight of a man named Charlie, played by Eddie Murphy, who is laid off at his job when the health division in his company is shut down. Charlie had worked in product development at a large food company, and was the main provider for his family.Charlie’s unfo rtunate employment situation left his wife with the responsibility as breadwinner of the household. Due to the new financial strain put on his family and no job possibilities on the horizon he and his friend Phil, played by Jeff Garlin, are forced to take their sons out of an exclusive program called The Chapman Academy and become stay at home fathers. Desperate for money, Charlie opens up a day care center, which offers reasonable pricing and flexible hours. Unfortunately for Charlie his business doesn’t exactly take off with the popularity he had expected it too.Charlie thought that with his tremendous competitive rates that he would have an overwhelming starting success. Unfortunately for Charlie and his friend Phil their potential customers were very patronizing about two men taking care of their children, due to this typically being a woman’s occupation. The idea that women are better than men at maintaining a household and carrying out domestic responsibilities i s rebutted by Laura Vanderkam in her article â€Å"What Moms Can Learn From Dads; Stay-at-home Men Find More Time for Leisure, Less Time for Chores and Present a Healthier Picture of Domestic Life. Vanderkam’s article makes a point to explain that as more men are taking on the primary parenting role, that research has shown that they are undertaking the household responsibilities better than the more traditional families today. (Vanderkam 1). She conveys that with men, domestic work and child care are considered two separate jobs. That men believe that the task of caring for children is reasonably different from doing the housework. (Vanderkam 2). Men are seeming to have a better strategy for dividing the responsibilities with their spouses, and giving themselves more time for leisure.Peg Tyre and Daniel McGinn explain in â€Å"She Works He Doesn’t† that the unemployment rate has recently hit six percent. They explain that several million families are experienc ing dads coming home from work with a severance package, especially white-collar men due to corporate downsizing. Tyre and McGinn also state that women are currently earning more college degrees and M. B. A. s than men, which is making them better equipped to pick up the financial slack. (Tyre 51). Although, gender often shapes the work opportunities and experiences that men and women often have in industrial societies.They also mention, though, that the shift of the wife becoming the breadwinner can be very difficult when families are forced into it. (Tyre 56). It is pointed out in Hilary Potkewitz’s article â€Å"Daddy and Me! ; Newly Jobless Fathers Discover Ups and Downs of Stay-at home Life,† that due to the recession most layoff’s in the New York industry have been male dominated. This predicament leaves more and more men having to undertake the responsibility as primary caregiver to their children. This role can often be intimidating for men due to the fa ct that most child activity networks are more geared towards women guardians. In a world of Mommy and Me groups, breast feeding workshops and ballet classes where the aesthetic is overwhelmingly pink, there are few programs that reach out to fathers. † She explains that fathers new to the role of caregiver are easy to spot due to their lack of experience with pushing strollers, that they often bump them into inanimate objects. (Potkewitz 1). Stay at home dad’s also often feel rejected by nannies and mothers in child care classes, that women make them feel inadequate as primary caregivers. (Potkewitz 2).If a husband loses his job and is having trouble finding work, the wife can be justified in threatening to leave him. However, consider the arbitrary reaction if a husband threatened to leave a wife who was in the exact same predicament. He would probably be crucified. If a man loses his job, the woman is justified in resenting the fact that the financial burden is then t hrust on her. Nevertheless, a man is not permitted to resent this very same dilemma. If a man is laid off and cares for the household and kids, while the wife is working, he can be accused of not pulling his weight.Yet this is exactly the same situation that women demand more recognition for. It's perfectly acceptable for a woman to demand a man make a certain salary, to be deemed â€Å"marriage material†, and provide stability. Likewise, if a man demands the wife do the cooking and cleaning, he can now be labeled a sexist hater of women. If he asks her to carry her weight financially, just like he does, he can be criticized as an inadequate provider. In conclusion, with the recent recession in the economy more men are being laid off of their jobs.With women now becoming more educated and being able to achieve jobs of higher pay and better achieved status than in the past they are now able to assume the role of breadwinner. Women’s and men’s participation in pai d work and the nature of that work often determine their social value, and overall status in society. This reversal of habitual gender roles is slowly becoming more popular, and hopefully more acceptable in today’s society. The ideals of the different gender roles when it comes to parenting are now in jeopardy as women are now earning higher salaries than that of the past.Men are also proving themselves adequate as the caregivers of their children, and reshaping the generic belief that only women can be domesticated. Work Cited Tyre, Peg. McGinn, Daniel â€Å"She Works, He Doesn’t. † The Changing World of Work. Ed. Marjorie Ford. New York: Pearson 2006. 50-58. Potkewitz, Hilary. â€Å"Daddy and Me! ; Newly jobless fathers discover ups and downs of stay-at-home life. † Crain’s New York Business. (March 16, 2009) Vanderkam, Laura. â€Å"What Mom’s Can Learn From Dads; Stay-at home men find more time for leisure, less time for chores and prese nt a healthier picture of domestic life. † USA Today. (June 24, 2008) Ahern

Different Leadership Styles used in The Public Services Essay

A leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction for a team, implementing plans and motivating people to complete a task. The different types of leaderships used in the public services are – Authoritarian- Autocratic Leadership is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their own ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers no matter how it may benefit the group. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Authoritarian Leadership style? The advantages of Authoritarian Leadership Style are that it maintains order and discipline to all team members. It allows the public services to be deployed on time, quickly and efficiently and leaves the public happy. Young and inexperienced recruits will be told what to do and when to do it; this allows them to learn better and efficiently. It allows large scale coordination with other shifts or units ensures that decisions are made by those who are best equipped to make the decisions. This makes the decisions to be made very quickly. The disadvantages of Authoritarian Leadership Style are that it can lead to high staff turnover and regularly not turning up to work. This is because the staff may feel devalued and fearful of punishment. The team members rely on the leader for instructions and do not develop initiative, the team may have less responsibility for their own actions. Due to feeling feared this will make the staff to feel angry and resentful at being ordered to perform t asks without the explanations needed. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Authoritarian Leadership Style? The Strengths of Autocratic Leadership Style are that they have improbable efficient choices made instantly. They get their work done as efficient and quick as possible. Their weaknesses are that some team members are not up to doing work as quick as they should and often leads to high levels of absenteeism and a large amount of staff leaving their workplace. In conclusion Autocratic Leadership Style is effective in the public services because all public individuals are happy and satisfied with the public services effort. All team members are disciplined to maintain that the team’s performance and the quality of team work are done professionally and efficiently. I like that  this type of leadership goes by their own turf and create ideas them self that will benefit their team. Their choices are made instantly and the public services officers are deployed as soon as an emergency has been informed by a member of the public. An example of Authoritarian Leadership Style- This Type of leadership is used in the public services, the main example that it is used for is if you are in the army. For example if you were fighting for your country in the Army and you got told to ‘get down’ then you will have to get down, or you could get shot. This type of leadership is used in most regiments of the army this is because you get told what to do and where to go most of the time. Another example is in nursing, for an example a patient has a cardiac carets a particular nurse will shout out for other nurses and doctors to go get one thing and another to do something else, it is very effective in many ways such as no one is running about asking what they are meant to be doing. Democratic- Democratic Leadership Style is an open and collegial leadership style where ideas between the leaders and the subordinates flow freely as the discussions are held in an open manner and where all members’ opinions are respected. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Democratic Leadership? The advantages of Democratic Leadership Style are that workers develop a greater sense of self-esteem, due to importance given to their ideas and their contributions. They will become committed to changes that may be brought about by policy changes, since they themselves participate in bringing about these changes. It’s often participative and involves employees in the decision making process. Being a leader will give you great confidence, cooperation, and loyalty amongst other workers. Active participation in the management by labour assures rising productivity and satisfaction. The disadvantage of Democratic Leadership Style is that it is a time consuming progress of decision making, in case of uneducated or unskilled worker, it is not very effective. Having evasive members, who prefers not to be involved in the team work and this may create problems with all the members. Due to the lack of communication by all members of the  team, some importance suggestions will be unhe ard, or missed. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Democratic Leadership Style? The Strengths of Democratic Leadership Styles are that all team members have high job satisfaction and they are more productive as they are more involved in decision making. All team members are motivated by other team members and leaders. The weaknesses are that decision making can be a time consuming procedure. Some team members may not have the knowledge to provide the high-quality input that is expected. In conclusion Democratic Leadership is a style that is extremely effective in the public services, this is because there is one leader leading everyone else and making sure their jobs are done properly. They have a lot of time on their hands to come up with decisions and they make sure unskilled and uneducated workers get the chance to do work and get involved with other successful team members. Being a democratic leader will give you excellent confidents, cooperation and loyalty amongst other workers, this means that each and every team member can trust and follow the leader wit h confidents and hope to get their work done effectively. An example of Democratic Leadership style- An example of Democratic Leadership Style is used in the Hospital, such as if there are any patients there and that they are needing medical attention but the nurses are unsure on how to treat the patient they will discuss on what is best for the patient on what needs they will need and who will be the best to be dealing with the patient. Also it is used in the police services, if the police are dealing with a case they would come together to discuss on how to deal with it and to see who is more capable on dealing and doing the job most successfully. Laissez-faire- Laissez-faire leadership is a specific type of leadership style. It is also known as delegate leadership and is a leadership style where leaders allow group members to make many of the decisions. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Laissez-faire leadership style? The advantages of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style are that the leader itself will not be given work to do; this could encourage others into leadership roles. This allows  the visionary worker to have an opportunity to do what they want to do, with no interferences. With Laissez-fair leadership, the group gets very little, or no guidance from the leaders. This gives members of the group complete freedom to make decisions on their own. The Disadvantages of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style are that some jobs will fall back on someone else or are not completed to the full expected standard. This type of leadership has been proven that generates a very low amount of production among its group members, this means that there is less group satisfaction, less group productivity, poorer quality of work and less personal growth by the members of the team. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style? The Strengths in Laissez-Faire Leadership Styles are that they give each team members complete freedom on group decisions. The leaders infrequently make any suggestions on decisions to let the team members have a free mind on their thoughts. Although Laissez-Faire leaders are happy to help any individuals they only do so when they are asked by team members. The weaknesses are that they are too laid back; this will make the team members feel like they are not being managed in any way. The leaders expect team members to have freedom to think and to have ‘expert knowledge’ on what they are doing as they don’t lead in anyway. In conclusion Laissez-Faire Leadership style is effective An example of Laissez-Faire Leadership style- For an example, if you were to work in the public services and there was a murder investigation, FBI are sent to the scene of the crime, they would know what to do and then they are then able to be left there to do their job without any supervision needed. The leaders role is to be able to trust their team members to get their tasks done at good standards, for another example, in the army the leader will say to the squad to go and set up the camp in a particular location, after the team will go and do that without any hesitation and without any supervision by the leader. Transactional- Transactional leadership is a very direct style of leadership and uses rewards and punishments to motivate the team. What are the advantages and disadvantages in Transactional Leadership Style? The advantages of  Transactional Leadership Style are that the leader actively monitors the work and each individual’s from performance. All team members are motivated by being rewarded for exceeding expectations and excellent standard work. There is a clear chain of command. Formal systems of discipline are in place, if any team members are doing something wrong they will know that they have and will be told about it. The team is fully accountable for its actions and will be sanctioned for their failure. The disadvantages of Transactional Leadership Style tend to be action oriented and they will focus mainly on short term tasks. Some team members may not get a job satisfaction because of the reward and punishment ethos. It has serious limitations of knowledge-based or creative work but remains a common style in many organisations. All team members have to do exactly what the managers tell them to do and they have no authority. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Transactional Leadership Style? The strengths of Transactional Leadership Style are that if the team members finished their work to the expected standards they will be salaried or rewarded for their good work and effort. Transactional leadership will lead and tell their team members what they expect from them and lead them to do their given tasks. Their weaknesses of transactional leadership are that if the team members do not complete their work to the expected standards they will be punished, their punishment could be such as, lower payment, extra tasks, or you could even lose your job. This will make it harder for team members to be open minded as the fear of doing something that they are not meant to be doing and being punished. In overall conclusion Transactional leadership is effective but not as effective as the other styles; this is because being punished for simple mistakes is a weak way to motivate team members. In my opinion the only place this style would be effective in is the army. Army is disciplinar y. If team members keep getting punished for mistakes they are most likely going to walk out and go somewhere else which is not very good for the leaders. It is effective if you are rewarding them for good work as this will boost their confidents and make them want to get a reward instead of a harsh punishment. An example of Transactional Leadership Style- Transactional leaders could be found within public services where people are  given rewards such as bonuses, training or time off if they show a good demonstration and excellent work. For an example if a worker needs time off to do training for a new task they could have the time off for good work and do their training that is needed. For an example, in the army if a soldier does not do as it’s told they would be punished, the leader will make them all do exercise as a punishment. You will see that the leader will either tell the whole team or the individual to drop down and do a hundred push ups. The leaders see this as a discipline role to keep punishing them if they do something out of place or wrong as it teaches them not to do it again. Transformational- Transformational Leadership Style is a form of leadership style that focuses on team performance as a whole by encouraging team members to think of the group rather than themselves. It is about moving forward as a team rather than individuals who just happened to be on the same project. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Transformational Leadership Style? The advantages of Transformational Leadership Style are that people will follow transformational leaders because of their passion, energy, commitment and enthusiasm for the team and their vision; they spend time teaching and coaching the team, they belief in others and themselves, they add value to the organisation through their vision and enthusiasm and they care about their team and work hard to motivate them-this reduces stress levels and increase well-being. The disadvantages of Transformational Leadership Style are that the team may not share the same vision if they are not convinced by other ideas and plans. If any team members do not believe that they will succeed then they will lack effort and ultimately give up and leave. Followers need to have strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act.The leaders will believe that their visions are right when really sometimes they are not. Large amounts of relentless enthusiasm can wear out the team. Leaders tend to see a big picture but not the details they need to know, the leaders may become frustrated if transformation is not taking place. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Transformational Leadership Style? The strengths of Transformational Leadership Style are that they are hand’s on with all team members. They spend more time cooperating to each  individuals of the team. The leaders motivate the team members by their efforts and enthusiasm. This will give the team members a ‘team’ feeling as a replacement of being informed what to do. The weaknesses that may appear are that they may feel that they are given excessive amount support and that the team members are not working by their own mind. As ideas are flying around by each person in the team, everyone is involved and not giving every individual the chance to give their opinions for their own work. An example of Transformational Leadership Style- For an example in the police the leader inspires the team to help make the world a better place, so the leaders role is to do the task so their team know exactly what the standard of work that will need to be done and correctly. You would be able to see this leadership style in the hospital, for an example, if a new team of trainees come in a hospital to learn and to experience their job. The teacher will show them how it’s done and let them do it after showing them, this is because you’re dealing with others life’s and its important that they do their job well. In conclusion Transformational leadership style is an effective leadership style, for the reason that the leaders show so much passion and commitment towards the whole team with great enthusiasm. This encourages individuals in the team to follow the leader and try and aim towards their standard of work. Each and every leader works hard to motivate the team into working hard to reach for what they are aime d for. The leaders are more on board with every team members and they take time into helping all team members, this is so all team members know exactly what they are doing in their own tasks. Bureaucratic- Bureaucratic Leadership is a style of leadership that focuses on rules and procedures to manage teams and projects. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style? The advantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style are that they focus mainly on following a predefined set of standards or rules of governance and management. Bureaucratic leadership asks team members to understand and follow certain standards to procedures’. Team members are asked to repeat certain tasks for an example, on a production line. A Bureaucratic team can work extremely  well if they are a well motivated team and a well defined procedures. The disadvantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style are that if a work habit has been formed that are unproductive, they can be very hard to break and replace with new procedures and this can alienate and de-motivate a workforce. Team members will lack their work effort and this will make it harder for all the team members to motivate each other and the lack of motivation can lead to poorly defined managerial structures. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Bureaucratic Leadership Style? The strengths of Bureaucratic Leadership Style they make sure that each team members are obeying and respecting the procedures, most of the time for their own safety. This leadership style has a tendency to work well in a manufacturing environment. The weaknesses are that they do the similar work each day; this can be very hard and tedious for some individuals in the team that likes to be imaginative and original in their work. In conclusion Bureaucratic leadership style is an effective leadership style my reasons are that each team members are well taught to know what they are doing in their tasks and being able to remember what they are doing as they are told to repeat their work again, this is so each team member are able to remember what they learnt. As well this could waste time as their work are being repeated and they are wasting time on what they have done in the past instead of forwarding into new work to be working on as a team. An example of Bureaucratic Style- For an example this type of Leadership Style is used in the police force. If a police officer goes out on patrol on their own most of their time without a leader accompanying them, the policies and procedures’ are set out so the officers will know exactly what they can or cannot do. For another example in most public services all new recruits do the same test across that public service in the police everyone needs to complete a bleep test to a standard. People-orientated- People-orientated Leadership Style focuses on participation of all team members, clear communication and supporting and developing the individual in order to improve skills. What are the advantage and disadvantages of People-orientated Leadership Style? The advantages of People Orientated  Leadership Style are that they often energize team members. All team members will feel empowered and meaningful, and feel that their job satisfaction levels will rise. All team members will feel that they have a ‘say’ in all decision making and that their work place efficiency. All team members will be encouraged with feed back and ideas on how to improve their work. The leaders will often develop a much better understanding of their team, work place conditions and team members will receive honest opinions on their work by allowing them to understand what will be a good or not and to be able to get a better standard work. The disadvantages of People-Orientated Leadership Styles are similar to the advantages. If team members are given too much responsibilities without management guidance, their decision making duties can become very overwhelming and can become very stressful, which may lead to lack of team work and will lack the effo rt to complete given tasks to the full requirements. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of People-Orientated Leadership Style? T he strengths of People-Orientated Leadership Style are that they encourage each team members to voice their views out to people to get response comments. Team members are given tasks based on their own skills and interests that inspire them to work that bit harder; this will make the work environment much more pleasant and more motivating for each team member. The weaknesses are that they are not managed on their given tasks and this will make it harder for the team to complete their work to its full standards expected. In Conclusion An example of People-orientated l Style- For an Example, if you were to work at a care home and you were to have responsibilities or having to pick up your sick child up from school, you would be let to go home and someone else taking your place as you have responsibilities, where some don’t. If you had to be home for your children after school and had no one to look after them then you would have to go home and take care of them. Task-orientated- Task-Orientated Leadership Style is about getting the job done. The completion of the task rather than the needs of the team are the key goal. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Task-orientated Leadership  Style? The advantages of Task-Orientated Leadership Styles are that leaders communicate together to know where they want to take their companies to. The leaders organise certain tasks for each individual team members and ensuring that they have a clear understanding on their set tasks. Task orientated leadership style is a very well suited to structure work environments’ such as law enforcements and manufacturing assembly lines, in which repeating well-defined process usually result in consistently high levels of productivity and the quality of the work. The disadvantages of Task-Orientated Leadership Styles are that the team members are afraid to break rules, taking risks, this will lead to missing good opportunities and they will lack creativity this will result to going elsewhere to have better options and opportunities to do what they would like and to be happy with. To encourage creativity leaders should learn to say no to the people who mostly expect a yes, this is because cons tructive conflict leads to creative engagement, and this leads to a competitive opportunity between others. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Task-Orientated Leadership Style? The strengths of Task-Orientated Leadership Style are that they certify that each individual has a clear understanding on what they are doing for their roles. Leaders will correspond with each individual to see where they are at on their tasks and to see if they are in need of any help to understand clearly on what they are doing. The weaknesses are that the leaders make the team members feel anxious to break any rules in the work place; due to this individual will not take any risks on their work to make their work a little bit more exiting and creative and they will stick to basic work, and this will be less creative to go that one step further in their tasks. An example of Task-orientated Style- Task-Orientated Leadership Style focuses on getting the job/tasks done and not worrying about anything else around them that are needed or happening around them. For an example you may find this in the fire services, they will focus on getting the fire out and saving lives on the job, it does not matter to them what they destroy during the process to get the job done, because their job is to concentrate 100% on the task and block any other problems out. Similarities and Differences Describing the similarities and differences in the different leadership styles used by the public services. Authoritarian and Task-Orientated Leadership Style This Authoritarian Leadership Style is quite similar to the Task Orientated Leadership Style in the way that the leaders are the only people who put input, this doesn’t create a team sense and can lead to little morale, and nonetheless it is an effective way in most circumstances. At the end of the day authoritarian leadership style can be one of the most beneficial styles, as it gets the job finished and finalized. The leader uses his authority’s power to instruct the team, and they learn to do what the leader says immediately. This style would be ineffective in a situation when the team are arranging out a situation, as more ideas would be better than just what the leader thinks on its own. Democratic and People-Orientated Leadership Style Democratic Leadership Style is very similar to The People Orientated Leadership Style in the way that both leaders take the team members opinions and give thought to their ideas, this can be very successful in many situations as 2 heads are better than 1 in the end of the day. Democratic Leadership Style can be a very effective leadership style in many situations where the team are planning out a situation; each individual of the team can put in input to make the action as effective as possible. This type of leadership style would not be used if they were in a situation such as putting out a fire; this is because you will need quick responds and action for that type of situation. Laissez-faire and Bureaucratic Leadership Style Laissez-faire Leadership Style is very different compared to the Bureaucratic Leadership Style this is because the Laissez-faire leader doesn’t get involved in any team discussions; they don’t put in any effort or input with their team. Whereas Bureaucratic leader will take control and puts in the most of the input to make the situation a lot better, both styles require the team to be on the ball all the time, but in different styles. In conclusion this can be an effective style in situations whereas the team is  experienced and hardworking where the leader has trust that they will complete the task on time and in expecting good standards, this is not always effective as the team has no management or help given to team members, so they must know exactly what they are doing. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Style Transactional Leadership Style is very much different to Transformational Leadership Style because a Transformational leader are incredibly encouraging and use words to make the team stronger, Whereas Transactional leader is a very harsh non-team based leader, who uses actions to make the team stronger. Both can be effective but in different situations. In my opinion I do not prefer this type of style as I would not see it as effective as the other styles, but it is very effective in training methods such as the army for an example and other disciplinary public services. It makes the individuals mentally and physically stronger as it encourages the individuals to work for what they want. Which Leadership Style is the most effective? In my personal opinion I think that the Autocratic, Democratic and Transformational Leadership Styles are the most effective this is because all three leadership styles have the most power and best outcomes by all individuals from each team. The Reason I chose Autocratic Leadership Style is because this type of leadership style leaves all public individuals happy and satisfied with the public services effort. All team members are disciplined to maintain that the team’s performance and the quality of team work are done professionally and efficiently. I like that this type of leadership goes by their own turf and create ideas them self that will benefit their team. Their choices are made instantly and the public services officers are deployed as soon as an emergency has been informed by a member of the public. Democratic Leadership is another style I think that is effective in the public services, my reasons for this is because there is one leader leading everyone else and makin g sure their jobs are done properly. They have a lot of time on their hands to come up with decisions and they make sure unskilled and uneducated workers get the chance to do work and get involved with different successful team members. Being a  democratic leader gives you excellent confidents, cooperation and loyalty amongst other workers, this means that each and every team member can trust and follow the leader with confidents and high hopes to get their work done properly and effectively. Another leadership that I personally think that is effective in the public services is the Transformational leadership style. The reason I say this is because the leaders show so much passion and commitment towards the team with great enthusiasm. This encourages the team members to follow the leader and try and aim towards their standard of work. All leaders work hard to motivate the team into working hard to get what they are aimed for. The leaders are more on boards with all team members and they take time into helping all team members, this is so all team members know exactly what they are doing in their tasks. My final decisions on which style is the most effective is the Autocratic Leadership Style as they are more outgo ing and has the most effect on the public and they are extremely hands on and getting their task done as soon as they are set out on the table.

Ethic theory on the Workplace Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethic theory on the Workplace - Case Study Example First, there are two kinds of ethical theories, consequentialist and non-consequentialist. There are two consequentialist theories that include egoism and utilitarianism (Shaw et al., 2009). Ethical egoism is the first theory that can be used to give an answer as to what Kehal should do. According to the theory, Kehal should give the gifts that the influential individuals are demanding. In this way, he will be acting in his own interest as prescribed by the theory. This is because it is assured that the airline will be granted the landing rights once the influential individuals receive what they demanded. Once the company has obtained the landing rights, Kehal will receive the promotion as well as a bonus. This will help him to cater for the medical expenses of his ailing parents and sort out all his commitments. Egoism is largely viewed as a consequentialist theory since it focuses on the consequence of an action for the agent instead of the final outcome. In other words, the theory is based on self interest and its major strength is that it evades the possibility of a conflict between self interest and morality. It would be rational for Kemal to offer the gifts to the influential individuals since by pursuing his interest morality is equated to rationality.   The second consequentialist theory that can help in cracking the ethical dilemma is utilitarianism. Based on this theory Kemal should not hand the gifts demanded by the local manager to be given to the influential individuals.

Deontology and Utilitarian Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deontology and Utilitarian Scenario - Essay Example Utilitarianism, which is a teleological framework, on the other hand, decides on whether some thing is right or wrong by looking at the consequences or ‘teleos’ of the relevant action or non action. I.e. the action itself is not value neutral and the intrinsic nature of the action is not very relevant. It is what is achieved by that action that is determinant in ascertaining whether something is right or wrong. As such the same action can be right in one instance and wrong in the other instance, depending on the circumstances and consequences. This is directly at odds with deontological frameworks which provide that a given action will be universally right or wrong irrespective of the surrounding circumstances. The foregoing also highlights why deontology is considered to be a specimen of absolutism while utilitarianism exemplifies relativism. Utilitarianism, like the philosophies put forward by John Stuart Mills, look at whether something is right or wrong by looking at the consequences of that action in that it looks to see whether the action produces the greatest aggregate happiness amongst the relevant people. Application of deontological principles to the ethical problem at hand In applying deontological principles, mainly in the form of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy on ‘categorical imperatives’, I can ascertain what I should or should not do when I’m standing on the bridge with the mad fat ethical philosopher. The only thing I must put my mind to is whether I should push the villain and kill him or not. The surrounding circumstances are irrelevant. It is only the intrinsic value of the action of pushing him and killing him that I must put my mind to. As such, at first glance it can be said that under Kant’s philosophy the ‘right’ thing to do would be not to kill the villain. This general conclusion can be supported by applying some of Kant’s categorical imperatives. For example, applying the categorical imperative that is similar to the Golden Rule in the Bible and provides for the principle of universalizability, if I was the fat person on the bridge looking down at the tracks, I certainly would not have wanted to be thrown down on to the tracks for want of a heavy inanimate object. If I would not want to be thrown down, then equally I should not throw the villain down. Furthermore, it is very clear that the villain is necessary only because there is a lack of any other heavy object. The fact that he is human is irrelevant. Only his mass and physical being is necessary. This goes directly against Kant’s categorical imperative that one must not use humans simply as a means to an end. The fact that I would be merely using the villain and disregarding his humanity if I did throw him down the tracks would go directly against this categorical imperative which emphasizes that respect for the person. Note how in the above discussion the consequences of throwing down th e villain were not discussed. This is because in relation to this specific action, it was irrelevant that by killing the villain the innocent people will be saved. However, ethical principles apply equally to action as well as non actions. It is one thing to think about throwing down the villain and killing him, but there is another thing to think about in the same circumstances. Presumably, I am the only one on the bridge and I have the power to save the five innocent

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 23

Business - Essay Example Means offunding the care cost was another factors and the following graph shows distribution of responses over private funding, social services funding, and an integration of the two. More than 52 of the respondents reported an all private funding while 30.4 percent reported an intergration of both public and private funding. Only 17.4 percent reported application of all social funding for the home care services. Annuity and insurance are unpopular methods for private funding of home care services, having been reported by a total of eight percent. Seventy five percent of the respondents who used private funding reported use of savings while 22 percent sold houses. In case the priimary resources run out, the the â€Å"means are tested† and â€Å"social service† identify secondary liability as the following graph shows. The results show that only 27 percent of relatives are willing to top up care cost if social service assumes the primary responsibility of funding the care. The remaining 72 percent of the relatives did not take the top up

Principles of Architectural Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Architectural Structures - Essay Example The design also encompasses forces and movements as a result of temperature, cracking, creep, as well as imposed loads (Dabby & Bedi 2012, p.5). The structural design should also make sure that the design is buildable practically within the allowable material’s manufacturing tolerances. The design of the structure should also give room for fitting and functionality of systems such as smoke extraction, air conditioning, lighting among others. Structural design, in general, has a role of making the structure suitable for living in all dimensions. Various components of a structure are used in enhancing the suitability of the structure. This is brought about by the choice of materials to build these components, design as well as other basic processes (Bach 2009, p.9). They are done technically to impact a certain aspect that will help the structure to achieve the required standards as discussed in the document below. The document also addresses the use of reinforced concrete in solving various structural essentials. Reinforced concrete  is basically  a composite material whereby concrete that has relatively low ductility, and tensile strength are counteracted by the reinforcement inclusion with higher ductility and tensile strength. This as an aspect in return makes the reinforced concrete very strong and hence a suitable building material. Reinforced concrete  can be classified among  the types of building materials. The architecture needs to be keen in choosing the construction materials. The choice of building materials should be on the basis of the required properties of the structure. In this scenario, reinforced concrete will be used to solve the problem of the aspects such as thermal and acoustic performance, durability, fire resistance, and load resistivity among others (Emmitt et al. 2004, p.37). In terms of load resistivity reinforced concrete outdo all the other building materials such as wood and steel. This

Nursing Informatics Telehealth and Graves and Corcorans Term Paper

Nursing Informatics Telehealth and Graves and Corcorans Data-Information-Knowledge - Term Paper Example According to the research findings Tone quoted Graves and Corcoran to have said that nursing informatics is â€Å"a combination of computer science, information science, and nursing science designed to assist in the management and processing of nursing data, information and knowledge to support the practice of nursing and the delivery of patient care.† In turn, nursing informatics is part of healthcare informatics that Guenther had reported to have been defined by Saba and McCormick as â€Å"the integration of health sciences, computer science, information science, and cognitive science to assist in the management of health care information.† The striking similarity of the definitions between nursing informatics and health informatics should not be a surprise. It is highly likely that Graves and Corcoran have influenced the entire field of healthcare informatics as health care informatics may have influenced Graves and Corcoran. However, Guenther reported that medical i nformatics is a term that have been in used since the mid-70s and had referred to â€Å"information technologies that concern patient care and the medical decision-making process.† Further, Guenther reported that the term nursing informatics â€Å"was not seen in the literature until 1984† even if Guenther reported that nurses have been working on nursing informatics for more than twenty-five years as of 2006. It is not clear from Guenther who started the term nursing informatics in 1984. ... oles and Barber (1980), nursing informatics has been in used even before 1980 and, thus, Guenther (2006) may be wrong on the view that nursing informatics â€Å"was not seen in the literature since 1984.† Further, according to Thede (2010) based on the work of Sackett and Erdley, the term â€Å"informatics† was coined in 1966 but Scholes and Barber (1980) was probably the first to use the term â€Å"nursing informatics†. The work of Staggers and Thomson (2002) and Guenther (2006) are highly informative on the literature of nursing informatics as well as on how our notion of nursing informatics has evolved over the years. Staggers and Thomson (2002) emphasized the need for a definition of nursing informatics even if by that time, the American Nursing Association has already adopted a definition of nursing informatics in 2001. At minimum, the Staggers and Thomson (2002) expression of a need for a definition of nursing informatics probably indicated a discontent for the prevailing notion of nursing informatics in 2002. As Staggers and Thomson (2002, p. 255) themselves pointed out, â€Å"a definition is a fundamental element for shaping a specialty.† Staggers and Thomson (2006, p. 255) continued that â€Å"a definition for nursing informatics guides role delineation for nurses interested in informatics and suggests directions for practice, education, training, and research.† Further, a definition of nursing informatics â€Å"may be useful to other disciplines as they define informatics practice within their own specialties† (Staggers and Thomson, 2002, p. 256). Staggers and Thomson also emphasized that â€Å"a definition for nursing informatics is needed to help others, within and outside nursing, understand the legitimacy of the practice and the general competencies of a nurse who

First Experiences in College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First Experiences in College - Essay Example Personal Narrative An example of a common difficulty experienced by students in their first days is solitude when they still lack friends. Students have uneasy times, usually dealing with strangers and possible humiliations that they may face. Cultural diversity among the students who are strangers can cause tension. Racial tensions, for instance, are common among new college students (German 155). Interaction among the students may encourage interpersonal efficacy, betterment of self-confidence and self-awareness (Burks 110). During my first days, I maintained openness and, therefore, managed to make friends. In cases when a student does not have any familiar person studying in the college, he or she may experience isolation (German 156). Isolation may result to other detrimental emotional conditions. Time management without factors compelling students is another issue they find challenging during their first days in college. It is a student’s absolute responsibility to be disciplined to master the essence of proper time management, which is crucial to success in college education. I learnt that responsibility is an invaluable virtue for every college student.

Environmental Challenges that Sony Faces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Environmental Challenges that Sony Faces - Essay Example The present research has identified that various changes in the marketplace which particularly should always involve political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors and more. Under political factor, it is always common to look at the government’s conservatism when it comes to dealing with business. One perfect example would be the case of privatization. In every government, there is always a strong stand on controlling the rise of the certain organization. In Japan, for instance, various organizations are faced with remarkable challenges because the government is trying to protect the interest of small organizations in their respective industry. However, the ability of Sony to leverage its core competencies together with other organization is a proof that there is always the right timing in politics. For instance, Sony’s intent to leverage its core competencies with a Swedish telecommunication company in order to beat Nokia resulted in the bi rth of Sony Ericsson. This joint venture is a remarkable proof that finding the right place for each organization is needed in order to enhance its core competencies. This at some point has specifically involved the prevailing political stand of a nation which basically has a great impact on the entire business process of an organization. For instance, a government saying no to privatization may significantly create an impact on those organizations planning to leverage their core competencies through it. With this, it is important to understand politics as a major thing that affects how the entire business should be conducted primarily because of the prevailing government’s stand. However, it is not only in this broad and general illustration how politics essentially affects Sony. In modern situation, politics itself could stand between competitors or even within an organization. This is a proven trend in the whole business industry of electronics. For instance, every profit organization in this industry is simply trying to be a cut above the other by reaching its competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is something that needs to be worked out because it serves as something that will enhance core competencies.

What is the definition of ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is the definition of ethics - Essay Example Ethics in the modern world today are followed by each and every organization, and special programs are held to implement them. People around the world have become more aware of the ethics and they try to purchase goods that are according to the ethical implementations. As people tend to buy products that are ethically produced it has become a necessity for the organizations to promote ethics in their working environment and make sure that their products are according to ethics. Value is an aspect that explains the beliefs of a culture or an individual. A defined set of values that may be situated into the idea of values. Values are thought of as personal and differ across cultures and people. There are 4 types of values namely ethical values, social values, ideological (political, religious) values, and aesthetic values. It is argued that some values are inborn. A moral is considered to be a lesson to be learned or a message to be conveyed from an event or a story. The moral of the story can be left on the reader or viewer to decide themselves but sometimes the moral is also written at the end of the story. Belief is the state of a mind when a person is convinced of the truth of a scheme. Like the similar or related aspects knowledge, truth, and wisdom, there is no specific definition of belief accepted worldwide, but rather abundant theories and continued arguments about the concept belief.

Two representations of women Essay Example for Free

Two representations of women Essay When writing literary works most, authors will agree that it is difficult to write a story without any inspiration. The writers will often have some motive, either from past experiences or something that can inspire an idea for a particular story or essay. Although the story or essay can be fictitious it can still change how society feels about a certain issue. The two works The Female Body by Margaret Atwood and The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin romanticizes the view of women in their own opinion, emphasizing ideas such as women being portrayed as common housewives, objects, emotional delinquents, and submissive individuals. The similarities include both authors has their own distinct impression of how women are being depicted in society and the conflicted roles of husbands versus wives or man versus women. The obvious comparison when comparing these two works is the aspect that they are both written by feminist. In The Female Body, Atwood is trying to express her point of view, or sway the readers to understand the properties of the female body. Atwood uses words that she believes society would view the female body. In the first section she refers to the female body as being a topic because it is constantly being talked about. My topic feels like hell. (Atwood 73) Atwood uses her body assuming that all other females feel the same way. Atwood goes and develops the female body as a renewable one luckily (Atwood 75) and that the female body will not always be accepted in society. When the body is young it has uses; It sells cars, beer shaving lotion, cigarettes(Atwood 75). However she mentions that those things wear out so quickly (Atwood 75) She explains that society holds a supernatural image of what the perfect female looks like in their minds. When most women do not satisfy that image they go in search of a renewable look, they can go out and be made of transparent plastic or acquire cosmetics to enhance their beauty, and lose weight to appeal their significant other. (Atwood) When Atwood suggests that the female body is renewable she blames society for making it that way because most females go under the impression that they are designed to look a certain way or please a certain audience. Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour present its readers with Mrs. Mallard, an old lady whose husband supposedly died. In this story the author depicts the common stereotypes that separate men from women, and as the reader progresses they find out that Mrs. Mallard shows an emotional weakness, vulnerability and most importantly dependence. Kate Chopins goal of this story is to suggest to the audience that women are expected to preserve the role that society implies on them. In the early 19th century females were dependant on males to go out and work in order to bring back the necessary money for survival. The female would be a housekeeper nurturing the children and cooking meals- typical qualities for women during those times. However as the story progresses the stereotypes start to diminish. Go away Im not making myself ill (Chopin 92) During the span of the hour Mrs. Mallard went from dependent and fragile to strong and independent when she told Josephine to go away. Additionally to the similarities of the two works exposing the generalization of how women are being expected in society, there is an idea that the authors highlight the importance of the conflicted roles between male and female. Atwoods The Female Body implies that the male brain has a thin connection and all their thoughts are sealed off in each compartment and thats what separates males from females. Good for aiming though, for hitting the target when you pull the trigger. Whats the target? Whos the target? Who cares? What matters is hitting it (Atwood 76) Atwood states that the male shows no emotional comfort in anything he does. Atwood also connects the simplification of the powerful and the powerless. The females body intention is to please the males by being used as a door knocker and a bottle opener. (Atwood 75) Women always try to please the men by using their body and sex appeal. Some advertisements for example show a vivid image of a female in nothing more then a skimpy bikini selling products like beer or cigarettes. In the contemporary world individuals never see the male body used to sell beer. The Story of an Hour also reveals an excellent example of the different roles between males and females, in this case husbands and wives. In this story Mrs. Mallard is tired of being caught doing the chores that her husband  expects her to do; she seeks freedom and liberation. Although death is ought to be a sad time, not all conditions would maintain that statement. For example if someone were suffering horrendously, it would actually be a good thing if he or she died. In the story it shows that Mrs. Mallard died at the end of the story but prior to that event it stated that Mrs. Mallard did actually love her husband, but often she did not. (Chopin 92) The story also suggests that she believed that her husband was frustrated with the marriage and assumed that she was too. This conflict revealed the sign that Mrs. Mallard was struggling for freedom, and when she sees that her husband is alive, she must die. This is the only way to be literally free from his gasp. When she had died of the joy that kills it leaves the reader to wonder about how she had died. Whether from the heart attack or she thought she had finally escaped her husband and is free at last. In conclusion, the similarities of Atwoods The Female Body and Chopins The Story of an Hour both imply the how women are being seen by the eyes of society and the important clashes between how the role of women and men reflect the common stereotypes. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Female Body The Mercury Reader. A Custom publication compiled by Angus Cleghorn. Boston: Pearson 2002. Chopin, Kate The Story of an Hour The Mercury ReaderA Custom publication compiled by Angus Cleghorn. Boston: Pearson 2002.

Relationship between consumption saving and investment according to keynes

Relationship between consumption saving and investment according to keynes 1. Explain the consumption function according to Keynes! What is the relationship between consumption, saving and investment according to Keynes? The main hypothesis of Keynes is that the real consumption depends on disposable income. This hypothesis you can express like this: C = C(Y). In that case consumption (C) and disposable income (Y) are measured in units.  [1]   Kenynes also said that people enhance consumption when their disposable income increases. But the increase of consumption is smaller than the increase of disposable income. This hypothesis you can describe with the marginal propensity to consume. It describes the increase of consumption when disposable income rises.  [2]   The marginal propensity to consume is defined as C = = Because of the fundamental-psychological law the marginal propensity to consume is between 0 and 1.  [3]   0 When the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, consumption increases 0.8 units. At once disposable income increases one unit. The fundamental-psychological law is fullfilled because increase of consumption is smaller than increase of disposable income. When 0.8 units are used for consumption the remaining 0.2 units are obviously used for savings. The proof is expressed by following formula: Y = C + S 1 = 0.8 + S I 0.8 S = 0.2 . Therefore we define the marginal propensity to save money as differential quotient dS /dY. The marginal propensity to save shows how much the savings grow due to increasing disposable income. Through differentiation of the budget restriction after Y you can see that after adding the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save the result always amounts 1. = 1 I = . That shows you that every additional income has to be used either way.  [4]   The formula below is the consumption function: C = Caut + C  · Y . Caut is autonomous consumption. You can interpret the consumption function like a normal formula which you know from mathematics. Therefore Caut is the intersection point with the ordinate and C ·Y the gradient. The last formula which is important to know concerning the consumption function according to Keynes is the consumption rate. It serves to find out which quantity of disposable income is used for consumption. The formula is c:= .  [5]   So far almost always mathematical background has been mentioned. But it is also necessary and maybe easier to summarize consumption in my own words. This will help to explain the relationship between consumption, savings and investments according to Keynes. Basically Keynes had three suppositions which result the consumption function is.  [6]  The first was mentioned above. He expected that consumption increases when disposable income increases one unit. This mentioned process is the so called marginal propensity to consume. The value of it is between 0 and 1. You see that consumption can not increase just as money. But the main fact is that people lean towards consuming when they have more disposable income. Furthermore the average propensity to consume decline when dispoable income increases and consumption depends on current disposable income. Keynes thought that the rich spend more of their disposable income than the poor and that interest rates are not important.  [7]  Therefore a short example should make this facts more familiar. We expect, that the average consumption and disposable income was 1700à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ and 2000à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. In a formular you find following average propensity to consum: c0 = = 0.85. The result says that 85% of disposable income is used for consumption. One year later the disposable income increases more than the consumption expenditures: c1 = = 0.84. The result says that now 84% of disposable income is used for consumption. Now it is possible to calculate the marginal propensity to consum. C = = = . Now you see that consumption increases 0.75 units when disposable income increases about 1 unit. While explaining the consumption function different facts were metioned. Also consumptions and savings. One word is still missing investments. In the consumption function according to Keynes investements have not been borne in mind. There is only a relationship between consumption and savings. It was mentioned that you have an disposable income which you use for your consumption expenditures. When consumption does not exceed the disposable income you have a specified amount which you can save. This is expressed by this formular: Y = C + S 1 = 0.6 + S I 0.6 S = 0.4 . Consumption is 0.6 units. Therefore you are able to spend 0.4 units. But when you take a look at the incomne-expenditure model or the equilibrium for good markets  [8]  you find other different relations between consumption, savings and investments.  [9]   The first important formular is Y = C + I + G. This formular describes the equation for equilibrium in the goods market.  [10]  Immediately you find consumption, investments and government spending. You see that there is an existing relationship. Now there is the possibility to play with the formular what could be interesting to identify the different relationships. Therefore taxes (T) and consumption (C) have to be subtracted from Income (Y). It is also necessary to subtract taxes from government spending. The new formular looks like this: Y T C = I + G T. We know that S = Y T -C takes effect. Therefore the term reads S = I + G T . The term on the left side is private saving. On the right side you find investment (I) and public savings (G T). The government is able to run a budget surplus. This happens when taxes exceed government spending. But when government spending is higher than taxes there is a budget deficit. That means that the country consumed too much.  [11]   2. Which monetary policy instruments does a Central Bank have to control the money supply? Which of these instruments is the most effective and why? A Central Bank has three different instruments to control the money supply. It is able to choose between standing facilities, minimum required reserves and open market operations.  [12]   Deposit facilities comply with deposits of merchant banks. Business partners of the european system of central banks (ESCB) are able to invest redundant central bank money until the next business day. There are no restrictions for using this facility and no corresponding amount limits for deposits. The interest rate is the bottom line for overnight money.  [13]  Business partner of the ESCB are able to use marginal lending facilities to provide overnight liquidities by national banks. There is a fixed interest rate for these liquidities. But the business partnes will not get the liquidities if they are not able to deposit refinancable securities. There are also no existing credit lines or restrictions which could make barriers. The interest rate for marginal lending facilities is the maximum limit for overnight money.  [14]   The second monetary instrument of the ECB to control the money supply are reserve requirements. Due to competition international financial centers to decrease the reserve debt. It was introduced in the beginning of the 20th century. The idea was to secure the banks solvency. Nowadays this task is done by banking supervisory standards.  [15]  Banks always hold reserves. The reason is very simple. They want to satisfy the depositors. But that money reserves which are required are much bigger. Therefore the aim to satisfy the depositors is not the only one. To prohibit disadvantages in competition between different currency areas where banks do not have to hold reserves interests are payed on reserves of European banks by the ECB.  [16]  The bank has to have reservers which are equal to 10% of their checkable deposits.  [17]  But it is to mention that the monthly average percentage has to be 10%. If there are liquidity bottlenecks the bank is able to go back to their reserve s. When all banks average reserves at the beginning of the month are below 10% they can feel certain that the ECB provides liquidities at the end of the month. Otherwise banks would not be able to fullfil their reserve requirements.  [18]   The most important instrument are the open market operations. When a central bank buys bonds they pay for them with creating money. This activity is used to increase the amount of money. Vice versa the central bank is able to sell bonds. It has to remove the money which is in circulation because the central bank get it for the selling of the bonds. The amount of money will decline. In modern economies these procedures are the most popular to increase or decline the money stock. Open markt operations are distinguishable into expansionary and contractionary open market operation. To understand that operation an example with a short balance sheet would be helpful.  [19]  Below you find the situation before buying bonds (a) and after buying bonds (b): (b) Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ + 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ + 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ This is an example for an expansionary open market operation. In (b) the amount of bonds is 2 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ that means 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ higher than before. But therefore the amount of money in the economy is also 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ higher. Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ In the example above you see an example for contractionary open market operation. You see that the central bank decided to decline the supply of money. The procedure is the same like for the open market operation only vice versa. The amount of bonds decline and the money in the economy, too. Both decline about 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. Now it is interesting to know what kind of effects are resulting by open market operations. Therefore it is necessary to take a look at Treasury bills which are one-year bonds. The main fact of Treasury bills is that you get a fixed amount of dollars after one year. An example will explain to you the interest rate which you get after one year. At first we fix that you get 200 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ after one year. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬PB is the price of the bond after one year. In our example we take 150 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ . Below you will find the formular for the interest rate: i This example shows that in that case the interest rate is 33% per year. When you the interest rate for the bond you can play with the formula and change it so that you are able to find the future price of the bond after one year. For that operation the formula below is an example: . Because of this mathematical facts you can say that the price for bonds is less than the final price when the interest rate is positive. Sometimes you read in newspapers that bonds went up. This means that the interest rates for bonds decrease and the prices for bonds increase.  [20]   3. Which monetary policy strategies are the most widely practised? Which monetary policy strategy is currently used by the European Central Bank? The most widley practised monetary policies strategies are the nominal exchange rate peg, inflation targeting and monetary targeting. 1974 the Deutsche Bundesbank was the first one which used monetary targeting. Monetary targeting is based on the quantity theory of money. Therefore it is necessary to take a look at the quantity formula: (1). P are prices, V is velocity, Y is real GNP and M money supply. If you change the formula you are able to see which amount of money has to be choosen to achieve a certain price level: (2). For practical use the stability of velocity is very important. If you take a look at formula (1) you are able to see that an increase of V increases P. That means that less money is needed to achieve an intended price level. V is determined by demand for money. If the demand for money decrease money supply (M) is converted faster.  [21]  A country has to do some tests which proof if monetary targeting can be practiced.  [22]   A further monetary policy strategy is inflation targeting. The short-term or middle-term aim of a central bank which is using inflation targeting is to achieve low inflation rates or their inflation targets. The expected inflation rate play an important role. Central banks are able to influence the inflation target by using interest rates. It is a very simple example which should explain this instrument: If inflation is higher than the target, the bank can raise interest rates. The effect is that the inflation will decrease. If inflation is lower than the target, the bank can decrease interest rates. The result is that inflation will increase.  [23]   Concerning inflation targeting it is necessary to take a look at Taylors Rule which determines the interest rates. The central banks may follow the rule. Therefore you have to take a look a the following formula: . is the inflation rate, is the inflation target, is the nominal interest rate, is the target interest rate, is the unemployment rate and is the natural unemployment rate. and are positive coefficients. If and the nominal interest rate should be equal to , the inflation target. This procedure has to be done by the central bank. When >, the inflation rate is higher than the inflation target. In that case the central bank has to intervene. It has to increase above . The effect is that umeployment will increase because of the higher interest rate and the inflation will decrease. The coefficient has to be larger than one. The higher it is the better the inflation target will be achieved.  [24]   2. The more central bank increase interest rate 3. The more economy slow down 4. The more unemploy-ment increase 5. Inflation target achieved faster 1. The higher The central bank has to increase the real interest rate when inflation increases. But therefore the aim of the central bank should be decreasing spending and ouput. When > the nominal interest rate should be decreased by the central bank. The result is that the output will increase and the unemployment will decrease. has the the same aim like . It shows the care about unemployment in relation to inflation by the central bank. If ÃŽÂ ² is higher, the c.bank is more concerned to bring the unemployment close to natural level (to increase employment) and to increase output than to keep the inflation close to its target.  [25]   2. Central bank bring unemployment close to natural level 3. Central bank increase output 1.The higher 4. Central bank achieve inflation target The nominal exchange rate is also a monetary policy strategy. Through pegging the domestic currency to a very stable currency it is possible to control the exchange rate and the inflation.  [26]  But there are some requirements which have to be fulfilled. At first there has to be a country which has a currency that is powerful enough to be an anchor currency. The issue bank of the anchor currency country needs a huge reliability because of well developed stability in the past. Furthermore a large part of the foreign trade has to be done with the anchor currency country or in its currency. That means that for example Poland has to trade with Germany or in à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. It is also possible to trade in US-$ but therefore the anchor currency country has to be the USA.  [27]  Furthermore an aim is to attract capital flows and to stabilize the movement of interest rates. When there is a danger that the domestic currency will decrease the central bank will increase central banks. If there is an danger that the domestic currency will increase the central bank will decrease interest rates.  [28]   The European Central Bank (ECB) is using the two-pillar strategy. The first pillar is a wide economic analysis to identify short- and middle-term risks for keeping price stability. For the analysis the ECB has a lot of indicators which are used to identify these risks. For example the economic growth, wage development, exchange rate development and the balance of payment situation, consumer price and producer price index development, asset price and real-estate price development and the inflation forecast.  [29]  The content of the second pillar is based on the quantity theory of money and is similar to the strategy of the Deutsche Bundesbank. The formular below expresses the annual increase of M3: M3  · V = P  · Y V is velocity and it is between 0,5% to 1% per year. P is price increase and it is up to 2%. Y is the growth of the production potential and it is between 2% to 2,5%. Because of these factors the annual increase of M3 is 4,5%. With the help of these two-strategies the ECB is able to achieve their main aim, price stability.  [30]   4. List of sources Felderer, B. / Homburg,S., Makroà ¶konomik und neue Makroà ¶konomik, 9.Auflage, Berlin 2005 Borchert, M., Geld und Kredit, 7.Auflage, Mà ¼nchen 2001 Gischer, H. /Herz, B. /Menkhoff, L., Geld, Kredit und Banken, 2.Auflage, Berlin-Heidelberg 2005 Kazandziska, M., Macroeconomics I, Session 13 Bofinger, P. / Reischle, J. / Schà ¤chter, A., Geldpolitik, 1.Auflage, Mà ¼nchen 1996 Blanchard, O., Macroeconomics, 3.Auflage, Upper Saddle River 2003 Heine, M. / Herr, H., Volkswirtschaftslehrer, 3.Auflage, Mà ¼nchen 2003 Mankiw, N. Gregory, Mikroà ¶konomik, 5.Auflage, Stuttgart 2003 Burda, M. / Wyplosz, C., Macroeconomics, 3.Auflage, New York 2001

Effect of Parenting Styles on Child Development

Effect of Parenting Styles on Child Development Yielding an ideal child goes beyond having the image of it. The parents’ manner of handling situations like when children accidentally break a glass, ask for concert tickets, or get low grades in the exam, determines if yielding a well-developed child is possible for them. Parents, in hope of making their child closer to what they expect, are continuously making attempts to shape their children and to achieve the version that will please them. These attempts are perceived through parenting styles, and the different styles are the different ways parents think could bring about results that would satisfy them. They vary on the level of freedom, control, warmth, and types of punishment, and affect children differently. Regardless of these variations, most parents believe that being either stern or lenient is the only formula to yield a pleasant, when, in fact, neither works. Every decision parents make for simple situations is a step away or towards yielding a pleasant child. Link between the family and the child’s outcome The family is the principal ground and vital figure for the child’s developments, and parents, as part of the family, are in charge of raising the child (Preethi Rosa, 2012). A child’s confidence, competency, and behaviour are honed and improved through the parenting style imposed by the parents or guardians. Developments results from parenting styles (Kopko, 2007; Kordi Baharudin, 2010). Terry (as cited in Ernst, 2013) said that a child’s outcome including ability to interact, performance in school, psychosocial development, and the way he or she behaves is predicted through the three parenting styles. Kordi and Baharudin (2010) added that parenting styles also predict â€Å"optimism, confidence, motivation, and attention problems† (par. 5). The four parenting styles The different parenting styles are characterized according to their level of demand and control, degree of freedom, degree response, and type of punishment. In terms of the degree of demand and control, freedom, and response, Samuel (2012) described authoritarian parents as someone who offer limits without freedom. According to him, these parents are very dominating and impose too much control. They demand order without freedom and offer no choice, making the decision-making contingent to the parents or guardians. They do not carry out discussion with the child and simply want their children to follow parental directives without question. For them, obedience is the most important aspect in discipline (Dewar, 2010a). They give low response or warmth to the child (Baumrind, 1966, 1991; Samuel, 2012). In terms of punishments, authoritarian parents impose restrictive, punitive, and harsh disciplinary practice. They punish through withdrawal of love or verbal abuse by way of scolding, thr eatening, ridiculing, shaming, or outburst of anger. Physical punishments like spanking and hitting are also used by this type of parents. Another style is the permissive parenting. Samuel (2012) described parents under this style offer freedom but lacks limits to the extent that their children are unrestrained. Permissive parents are not demanding and controlling, and often offer their children unlimited choices. They are passive in improving their child’s deeds because they value their display of affection and love to their child above all. Parents do not exercise obedience and imperatives upon the child. This type of parenting style imposes too high degree of response or warmth that they easily give in to their child’s requests. As a result, parents spoil their children. Permissive parents also hardly punish (Baumrind, 1966, 1991; Samuel, 2012). Children who have been spanked feel that they have paid for their misbehaviour and are free to misbehave again. Uninvolved discipline is also known as rejecting-neglecting discipline. This kind of parenting style is neither demanding nor responsive. They are emotionally detached and uninterested. Because they are disengaged, they do not impose punishments at all (Tiller, Garrison, Block, Cramer, Tiller, n.d.). Rational-authoritative discipline is described as democratic, where parents have high degree of demand and control. They inculcate to their children the importance of maintaining limit and control of their actions. Parents value the opinion of the children, so they allow discussion with them and engage their children in making decisions. Parents have high degree of response or warmth. Children under this style have both demanding and responsive parents who encourage verbal give-and-take (Baumrind, 1966, 1991; Dewar, 2010b). When punishing, parents use logical or natural consequences, grounding, reducing or withholding rewards, and carrying out penalties (Valya, 2009). The presented parenting styles differ from one another as the degree of demand and control, freedom, response, and the type of punishment also vary. The four parenting styles influence children in different ways due to certain factors. Methods of punishment First, the method of punishment has side effects to the child (Baumrind, 1991; Ernst, 2013). Authoritarian’s disciplinary methods punish too much and do not contribute to the child’s development. Valya (2009) and Gurian (2010) both agree that physical punishments do not work. The same mistakes will likely be committed again because the child thinks he or she has already paid for the misconduct committed by accepting these physical punishments. Instead of making the children reflect on their mistakes, the parents’ action of punishing physically instils to the child that problems could be handled through physical force. With the physical force being involved, children become more aggressive. Traumatic experiences and destructive remarks from parents cause depression upon children (Cole et al., 2008 as cited in Ernst, 2013). According to Georgiou et al. (as cited in Dewar, 2010a), self confidence is likely to decline because children under this style often get involved in bullying – both as victims and as offender. The punitive nature of authoritaria n parents who impose verbal abuse and physical punishment is no different than that of a bully’s nature. Harsh and spoken contempt, insults, and ridicule distort the child’s view about himself (Valya, 2009). Higher occurrence of depression and anxiety is due to corporal punishments (Dewar, 2010a), and the main reason for compliance of children is their fear for punishment. An effective discipline is not about being able to make children behave because they are scared of getting reprimanded. It is about teaching them of directing their behaviour in order to suit their deeds in a way that will reflect their distinction of what is right and wrong (Valya, 2009). Instead of a child with improved behaviour, authoritarian parenting yields a traumatized child. On the other hand, the lenient nature of permissive discipline does not punish and does not correct the child because parents overlook misbehaviours. Sears, Maccoby Levin (as cited in Baumrind, 1966) found out that after misbehaving, the child is most likely to commit the same mistake again, thinking that his or her parents approve of it. Uninvolved parents do not care whether their children behave or misbehave. Rational – Authoritative discipline’s nature addresses problem in misconduct. Seth and Ghromode (2013) affirm that through withdrawal of privileges and grounding system, children will not question the parents’ love. Valya (2009) said that the use of natural consequences is also good, although they do not apply to all situations, especially when the child’s health and safety are at risk. In such situations, logical consequences work where children take responsibility of the result of their actions. The outcomes of the actions are experiences that teach the child to be accountable with the conduct he or she shows (Valya, 2009). This makes the child a good decision-maker. In addition, the verbal give-and-take relationship between the parents and children makes authoritative discipline unique. Communication – a unique characteristic that the other styles lack – plays a crucial role. Authoritative parents allow discussion where children explain th eir side or reason for misconduct and, in return, parents point out and correct the children’s mistake to make them understand where they went wrong In this manner, the child is likely to reflect on his or her actions and learn from this or her mistakes after the punishment (Baumrind, 1966; Kopko, 2007; Dewar, 2010b). The differences in the degree of control and setting of limits or standards cause variations on the child’s behaviour. Too much control, limits, and high standards set by authoritarian parents trigger aggression on the part of the children as they feel their urge to break free. For instance, children of very dominating parents have greater chances of getting arrested for the first time (Chamber, Power, Loucks Swanson, 2001 as cited in Wittenborn, 2002). They are usually the delinquents, rebellious children, and drug users (Baumrind, 1991; Dewar, 2010a). Too much control, limits, and high standards may also cause children to become submissive and be dominated by fear. In the study by Lamborn et al. (as cited in Dewar, 2010a) in the United States, children under authoritarian discipline are less self-reliant and dependent with their parents’ decisions. This could be in fear of committing mistakes and getting harshly punished for it. They also found out that a child grows to be inert when the parents regard obedience above all (Valya, 2009). The lack of control, limit, and standards by permissive parents allows the child to be involved in self-detrimental activities. Parents are so lenient that decision-making is left to the child alone, which opens to higher possibility of committing wrong decisions. Children may show impulsive behaviours because there are only few standard set by the parents that the child has to conform with. No one controls them and sets limit that serve as guides for the children. The control, limit, and standards that are mutually consented by both rational-authoritative parents and their children open a higher possibility for the child to follow because the child’s viewpoints and opinions are being considered. When planning, parents apply â€Å"democratic practices† like asking for their child’s views, choice, or opinion (Dewar, 2010b). Discrepancies in some countries of authoritative parents in terms of democratic practices may be observed, but the nature of authoritative discipline lies on the â€Å"reasoning activity† that happens between the child and parent, which is a characteristic shared by all countries involved in the study (Dewar, 2010b). As the children get involve, they learn to participate in arguments, viewing that their opinions are of great importance, a healthy self concept. Third, the degree of freedom provided by the parents is an important factor for developing the child’s competency and assertiveness. The nature of authoritarian parenting makes the children highly dependent (Lamborn et al. and Steinberg et al. as cited in Dewar, 2010a). It does not help in honing the children’s competency because their actions are being restricted. In Turkey, Turkell and Tzer (as cited in Dewar, 2010a) found out that children of authoritarian parents are also less resourceful and less proficient in social skill. Children rely heavily on their parents’ decisions, so they likely to be inexperienced when it comes to decision making. Children also have hard time making friends. They are also often poor in academics (Dornbusch et al., 1987 as cited in Tiller, n.d.; Terry, 2004 as cited in Kordi Baharudin, 2010). This shows how authoritarian parenting poorly improves the competency of children. The lack of restrictions of permissive parents cause egocentric tendencies to occur. The child makes selfish decisions because they are often self-centered because parents easily give in to the child’s request, (Kopko, 2007; Dewar, 2010c). Uninvolved parents put their child to high risks because they are not guided. The â€Å"freedom within limits† nature of Rational-Authoritative discipline makes the child think first before doing something. The high value that parents place upon the child’s opinion (Samuel, 2012) makes them good decision-maker. In terms of moral thinking, the child’s ability to reason out is improved through the inductive discipline imposed in authoritative parenting (Krevans Gibb, 1996; Kerr et al., 2004 as cited in Dewar, 2010b). Lastly, the degree of responsiveness or warmth reflects the degree of support the parents provide their children in achieving individuality and overall development. The little warmth with high demands in authoritarian discipline provides little support on the child’s individuality and development. Authoritarian parents value obedience, not development, above all (Valya, 2009; Dewar, 2010a). The child’s opinion and emotions are often disregarded because the parents oppose discussion (Baumrind, 1991; Kopko, 2007; Valya, 2009; Dewar, 2010a). Too much warmth with low demands in Permissive discipline provides support only. Parents indulge their children too much because they find it hard to decline their child’s request. They believe that giving whatever their children wants is a way to show their love to them, and fear that not doing so would disappoint their children (Kopko, 2007). Uninvolved parents do not give warmth and do not provide developmental support to their children. Rational-Authoritative discipline’s ‘high’ degree of warmth balanced with ‘high’ parental demands gives the necessary ‘high’ degree of support needed to ensure the child’s development. Despite the support provided by the parents, standards mutually agreed by the child and the parents still exist that guide the child throughout the development process. The existence of these standards ensures not only that the child develops, but also that the child develops with high level of confidence, competency, and desirable behaviour (Dewar, 2010b). According to Klein et al. (as cited in Ernst, 2013), â€Å"there is a correlation to positive self-perception and authoritative parenting styles† (par. 10). Proper degree of demand, degree of freedom, degree of response, and the type of punishment result to competent, confident, and well-behaved children. The degree of demand must be high according to their capability. This ensures that children aim for high standards that are possible or within their capability, and encourages them to reach these demands because these standards consented by them. The degree of freedom must be within limits. Children will be engaged in critical thinking before making any decisions, and constant decision making will make them good decision makers. The freedom allows them to explore more, while the limits guide them. Freedom builds up competency and confidence, while the limit ensures proper behaviour. The degree of response must be high yet demanding. High response shows high support. High parental response is a confirmation to the child that parental love exists, and balancing response with demand will remind the child of the parents’ expectation of meeting certain standards. Punishment must be mild in forms of consequences and withdrawal of privileges or grounding system. These punishments neither hinder nor destroy child’s development. In addition, they do not inflict emotional and physical pains. Parents are often bothered by the unpleasant things they notice on their children, and most parents would blame everything except themselves. They seldom ponder where they could have possibly gone wrong in raising their child, when, in the first place, it was them who looked after the child. The characteristic of the rational-authoritative parenting style works because of â€Å"balance.† The ideal combination of the degree of demand, freedom, and response, helps develop confidence, improves competency, and ensures a well-behaved child. When a child gets low grades, stern parents punish at once, lenient parents let it slide, while balanced parents ask why. There is no perfect child, but it is never an excuse to not yield a good one. Some researchers claimed that kids of authoritarian parents are well-behaved, but these are based on self-reports and are subject to skepticism.

Antigone & Ismene in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone & Ismene The personalities of the two sisters; Antigone and Ismene, are as different from one another as night and day. Antigone acts as a free spirit, a defiant individual, while Ismene is content to recognize her limitations as a woman in a male dominated society. In the Greek tragedy "Antigone", by Sophocles; Antigone learns that King Creon has refused to give a proper burial for the slain Polyneices, brother of Ismene and Antigone. Infuriated by this injustice, Antigone shares the tragic news with Ismene. From her first response, "No, I have heard nothing"(344). Ismene reveals her passivity and helplessness in the light of Creon's decree. Thus, from the start, Ismene is characterized as traditionally "feminine", a helpless woman that pays no mind to political affairs. Doubting the wisdom of her sisters plan to break the law and bury Polyneices, Ismene argues: We who are women should not contend with men; we who are weak are ruled by the stronger, so that we must obey....(346) Once again Ismene's words clearly state her weak, feminine character and helplessness within her own dimensions. Antigone, not happy with her sisters response chides her sister for not participating in her crime and for her passivity, saying, " Set your own life in order"(346). For Antigone, no law could stand in the way of her strong consideration of her brother's spirit, not even the punishment of an early death. Ismene is more practical ; knowing the task is impossible, she feels the situation to be hopeless. It is a wonder, which of the two sisters are really guilty of these chronic charges. Of coarse, Antigone acted so quickly, and failed to take the advice of the moderate sister, Ismene. Instead, going against Creon's words, Antigone rashly goes ahead and breaks the law. Antigone is a fool, she must learn that such defiance, even when justified, is not conductive to longevity. Although Antigone is foolish, she is also courageous and motivated by her morals. Proper burial of the dead was, according to the Greeks, prerequisite for the souls entrance into a permanent home. Therefore, perhaps Ismene is also foolish for her quick refusal to help Antigone perform the duty of Polyneices proper burial. Ismene definitely seems hasty in her acceptance of personal weakness. Perhaps in some way, both sisters are guilty of the same tragic sins. Perhaps it is this rashness, more subdued in Ismene's case, that leads both sisters to their own destruction. To my surprise, there is a strange twist in both sister's character towards the end of the play. Antigone makes a rather contrasting

The Mexican War as an Exercise in American Imperialism Essay -- Papers

The Mexican War as an Exercise in American Imperialism The US government believed firmly in the doctrine of Manifest destiny, the government argued that they had the right and duty to expand through North American because it was necessary and inevitable. During the 19th century Mexico dominated a large amount of North America which was inhabited by American settlers and the American government aimed to expand the USA from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and were ready to achieve this by any means. The American government saw the lands of Texas and California as grand prizes with the opportunity of lush agricultural prospect and the possibility of a gateway to the Pacific Ocean. The lands though belonged to the nation of Mexico, which seen by the Americans was a backward nation and did not deserve to have the lands. President James Polk intended to use full extent of his power to expand America and he devoted his time during his reign as President in negotiations with Mexico over the lands of California. Yet Mexico refused to give away the land and yet it had such a weak economy and could use the money that President Polk was offering them to rebuild the economy and develop the nation. But the Mexican government still did not intend to sell the land because it would not be popular with the people if the nation shrink half in size and also because of the rivalry that was associated with Americans and Mexicans. So President Polk was left with no choice but to provoke the Mexicans to war, General Zachary Taylor was sent to a disputed region between Mexico and US with 4000 troops. Polk was anxious to start war but did not intend ... ...the Mexicans had attacked his country and in order to defend his nation he needed to attack Mexico. Thus it can be said that America did not force Mexico into war but Mexico forced America to war and thus America reacted to the Mexican aggression by taking the lands of California and Texas justly. Although it is easy to see that America did in some way force Mexico into a war the Mexicans did attack first and the Americans had the right to wage a war upon Mexico. Thus concluding the statement it can be said America did use the Mexican war to show off their military power and policy of Manifest Destiny and thus was an exercise in American imperialism. Yet it was the Mexicans who attacked first and who forced America to fight back thus the Mexican war was not an exercise in American imperialism but in American defence.

The Networks Surviving With Survivor Essay -- Television Shows TV Essa

The Networks Surviving With Survivor Reality shows sent a much-needed lifeline to the television networks industry. These shows have found a new way to bring much needed viewers, and even more important they brought in much needed money. The money came rolling into CBS after premiering Survivor, which brought in a profit of around $30,000,000 to the network. Even though Survivor is the must costly reality show, costing close to one million dollars to produce and hour of programming. In comparison to other shows, which cost far more like CBS’s series â€Å"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation† which cost over 1.6 million to produce per hour. With the amount of money coming in such large sums to networks have had to close monitor how much is being spent. Clearly’ the reality shows have brought in much needed assets to the flattering television networks. The failing television networks have found a number of elements in reality shows which can save them money. These elements have combined to improve rating, while also improving the amount of money brought into the networks. The networks have had pressure from stockholders to improve the return on their investments, or possible begin to lose their money. So the networks have discovered ways to save money with reality’ shows one being they haven’t had to pay actors. All the main characters of this shows are contests and only one will be ~paid† at the end. In addition to not paying actors, they have also been able to cut back greatly on the number of writers used to write scripts. The reality shows have been in a way been â€Å"pre-tested† in other nations. The U.S. networks know that the shows can be successful because of the success they have had in Europe. These facts have all come together ... ... stints on the television show. Fox capitalized on this viewer enthusiasm by showing the wedding. The Fox network is not the only group that has used the popular contestants after they’ve been on the show. E! Entertainment Television has had various ex-Survivor cast members host some of their shows. Some have also appeared in commercials. The Rosie O’Donnell Show even went to the extent of purchasing gifts for former members of the Survivor 2 cast (one former contestant, Colby, was given a Harley Davidson motorcycle!). The most outrageous occurrence seemed to take place when former Survivor 2 contestant Jerri, posed for Playboy Magazine. It is clear that in the world of reality television, personality and popularity are everything. Popularity on reality TV shows can translate into commercial viability and an unreal life beyond reality television.