The Roles & Responsibilities of Licensed Practical Nurse Research Paper

The Roles and Responsibilities of Licensed Practical Nurse - Research Paper Example Aside from this, LPNs additionally play out the essential obligation of social occasion and gathering the data from the patients who will be admitted to the clinic or clinical medicinal services office. This is one of the essential obligations of LPNs to gather right and precise data so as to give the specialists right data in helping best game-plan for a patient. LPNs additionally are likewise required to regulate any infusions or meds which have been recommended by the specialists. Sprucing up of the physical injuries just as helping specialists in other comparable undertakings. (Duncan and DePew, 2010) It is, in any case, essential to take note of that over the timeframe, the division line between the jobs of LPNs and RN’s have obscured a ton. There are a ton of covering jobs and duties which are performed by both. This advancement in the jobs and duties of the LPNs has now gotten one of the perpetual components of the training which is presently being thought of. One of the significant power which is reshaping the jobs and duties of the LPNs is the significant social insurance changes. Social insurance changes have changed the way nurture presently really see their jobs in the general bigger setting of the association. Social insurance association, so as to meet the changing human services needs just as meet with the aptitude deficiencies, have really permitted LPNs to develop and extend their jobs to oblige those changes. Another significant power which is forming the manner in which the general jobs of LPNs is changing is the upgrades in the general examination and educational plan which has enormously improved the general extent of the nursing rehearses. Over the timeframe, research regarding the matter of Nursing has really extended the extent of the calling and has included some extra jobs and obligations which have now been also added to the customary jobs of the LPNs. Â

Ayatollah Khomeini and Gamal Abdul-Nasser Essay

Ayatollah Khomeini and Gamal Abdul-Nasser - Essay Example Be that as it may, this declaration is challenged. This is on the grounds that at the hour of the upset, Iran was encountering un-work pace of around 30%1. Joblessness is one of the markers of poor turn of events and financial development. In light of this reality, the statement that Iran was strategically and financially stable is bogus, and doesn't hold any ground. Then again, the insurgency in Egypt happened when the nation was encountering a progression of poor political and monetary administration. Notwithstanding the distinctions in these upsets, and the two heads, Gamal Abdul Nasser and Ayatollah Khomeini shared a great deal of similitudes just as contrasts in their initiative structure and system2. One significant closeness is that the two heads were charming, and they looked to dispose of any type of restriction to their administration. For example, Nasser requested a crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood, a gathering that was restricting his administration, while Ayatollah Khomeini looked to murder any political supporters of the Shah. This paper stands firm that both Ayatollah Khomeini and Gamal Abdul-Nasser were magnetic pioneers, who impacted their social orders and individuals, regardless of their undemocratic frameworks of administration. Gamal Abdul Nasser was the second Egyptian president, and he started his administration in the year 1956, to the time he kicked the bucket, which was in 1970. He assumed an instrumental job in the topple of the Egyptian ruler in the year 1952, and thus, he was compensated with a post, as a representative prime minister3. This means Gamal Abdul Nasser was a significant pioneer to the progressives, and he was held in high regard. Moreover, the force and authority that Gamal Abdul Nasser had is portrayed when he figured out how to capture President Muhammad Naguib, and spot him under house capture.

Finance Chapter 1 Homework Free Essays

Section 1 Discussion Questions 1. What points of interest does a sole ownership offer? What is a significant downside of this sort of association? A significant downside is that there is boundless risk to the proprietor. The preferred position is straightforwardness of dynamic and low hierarchical and working expenses. We will compose a custom paper test on Fund Chapter 1 Homework or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now 2. What type of association permits a portion of the speculators to constrain their risk? Clarify quickly. It permits a portion of the accomplices to restrain their obligation. With this course of action, the accomplices are assigned general accomplices and have boundless obligation for the obligations of the firm.The different accomplices are assigned restricted accomplices and are subject just for their underlying commitment. Be that as it may, the constrained accomplices are ordinarily denied from being dynamic in the administration of the firm. 3. In an enterprise, what gathering has a definitive obligation regarding ensuring and dealing with the stockholders’ interests? Top managerial staff 4. What archive is important to frame a company? Articles of joining 5. What issue does organization hypothesis look at? For what reason is it significant in an open enterprise as opposed to in a private partnership? It looks at the connection between the proprietors of the firm and the administrators of the firm.Management in exclusive firms, the proprietors are normally similar individuals. The board works the firm to fulfill its own objectives, needs, budgetary necessities and so forth. As an organization moves from private to open proprietorship, the executives currently speaks to all proprietors. This spots the board in the organization position of settling on choices to the greatest advantage of everything being equal. 6. For what reason are institutional speculators significant in today’s business world? Since institutional financial specialists, for example, annuity reserves and shared finances own an enormous level of significant U. S. ompanies, they are having more to state about the manner in which freely claimed organizations are overseen. As a gathering they can cast a ballot enormous squares of offers for the appointment of a top managerial staff, which is assume to run the organization in a proficient, serious way. The danger of having the option to supplant poor performing sheets of chiefs makes institutional speculators very compelling. Since these organizations, similar to annuity reserves and shared assets, speak to singular specialists and speculators, they have a duty to see that the firm is overseen in a productive and moral manner. 7.Why is benefit augmentation, without anyone else, an unseemly objective? What is implied by the objective of amplification of investor riches? The issue with a benefit expansion objective is that it neglects to assess chance, the planning of the advantages isn't thought of, and benefit estimation is a vague procedure. The objective of investors riches augmentation infers that the firm will endeavor to accomplish the most elevated conceivable all out valuation in the commercial center. It is the one abrogating target of the firm and should impact each choice. 8. Name two regions that fund is lined up with and field of study. Bookkeeping and financial matters The most effective method to refer to Finance Chapter 1 Homework, Papers

Contract Law for Trident Systems Pty Ltd-myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theContract Law for Trident Systems Pty Ltd. Answer: Presentation Delicate is an encouragement to offer wherein an enterprise calls for offers from the imminent bidders. The organization chooses the best choice according to its necessity and acknowledges the offer made by the bidder. In the current case, the NSW Department of Administrative Affairs welcomed delicate from self employed entities to build the security of its primary office. The office made an ad of delicate and coordinated the gatherings for the online enlistment. The Alcatraz Security Systems Pty Ltd presented their delicate by conforming to the rules gave by the division, despite the fact that, the rules gave by the office to Alcatraz didn't reveal all the important data according to segment 5. The division acknowledged the delicate of Trident Systems Pty Ltd, which provided its cost estimate at 50 percent more than Alcatraz. Straight to the point found that leader of the office released the subtleties of his delicate to Trident before they presented their delicate. Issues The issues of this case incorporate, regardless of whether the NSW Department of Administrative Affairs is under a commitment to concede the delicate of Alcatraz. Another issue is that on the off chance that the office isn't committed, at that point whether Alcatraz has any authoritative right. Rule The custom-based law of Australia manages the legally binding conduct between the gatherings to an agreement. As per the customary law of the agreement, offer and acknowledgment are the basic components for setting up a legitimate agreement between two gatherings. One individual is required to give an offer which another gathering must acknowledge with no change in requirements[1]. Further, the custom-based law recognizes a proposal for contract and an offer which is just a solicitation to the gathering, so as to make offers to do dealings identified with the agreement. In Spencer v Harding Law case[2], the court held that the commercial was a challenge to contract and the delicate was a proposition, the litigant has option to concede such delicate or not. On account of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd[3], the court given that the sticker price showing on a dress in a shop is viewed as a challenge to offer, not a proposal for a contract[4]. In the event that a client moves toward the retailer to purchase such thing, at that point it can't be considered as an acknowledgment rather it is an offer which might be acknowledged by the businessperson. Further, on account of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[5], the court held that a general offer is a legitimate offer in the event that any individual acknowledges such offer, at that point the individual consequently goes into the lawfully restricting agreement with someone else. In AGC(Advances)Ltd v.McWhirter case[6] the court held that if there should arise an occurrence of a sale, it is just a challenge to treat not an offer and bidder at sell off make a proposal for the acknowledgment of the salespeople which can be and can't be acknowledged. Further, on account of Blackpool Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council,[7] the court held that if a challenge to offer is made uniquely to particular gatherings, alongside clear rules for presenting the offers, at that point su ch greeting to offer is considered as an offer. From that point onward, any offer or delicate put together by any of such specific gatherings will be viewed as an acknowledgment and not an offer, and in this way such gatherings will be limited by the legally binding obligation[8]. Application The Government Act [9] gives a magnificent, sorted out, open strategy of delicate in which government officials are required to uncover all the fundamental rules and data with respect to the delicate. Right now case, the office didn't give all the data which is referenced in another arrangement of this Act, neither the data was completely given at the hour of acknowledgment of delicate by the official. Further, arrangement of above Act gives the disciplinary capacity to the pastor, where such clergyman can punish an administration official who breaks any standard of this Act. According to the rules, the subtleties of the delicate won't be uncovered to anybody. For this situation, the Managing chief of Alcatraz Company affirmed that the Department revealed tenders significant data to Trident before the affirmation of delicate, thusly, Alcatraz can whine to the pertinent pastor. One of the rules of the agreement given that the office isn't committed to acknowledge the proposal with brings down statement value, the office has option to choose whichever delicate they like to pick. According to the instance of Blackpool Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council[10], the court given that the gathering will undoubtedly acknowledge the delicate and give the permit to Red Rose Helicopters. For this situation, the office gives wrong rules to Alcatraz, and the delicate of Alcatraz was not considered by the office. The division is in a principally contract with Alcatraz in light of the fact that they didn't give right data in regards to the rules of the agreement. The principally rules power the division to give a reasonable delicate method to the Alcatraz[11]. The division can give a contention that on they erroneously give an inappropriate rules and they didn't have a fake goal of not giving appropriate delicate chances to Alcatraz. The office can likewise contend that one of the conditions in the rules of the delicate given that the office isn't limited by any delicate and they can choose any delicate they chose. In this way, regardless of whether an inappropriate rules were given to Alcatraz, the office has option to choose some other delicate of their decision. According to the judgment of Blackpool Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council[12], the contention of the division isn't legitimate. According to the arrangement of Government Tenders Act 1999, the office is committed to give a sensible, open and deliberate delicate procedure to all the members. By choosing the delicate proposal of Trident, the division didn't give a reasonable chance to Alcatraz; accordingly, the acknowledgment of Tridents offer is unlawful under legal lawlessness. The acknowledgment of Tridents delicate will be viewed as invalid in light of the fact that the office didn't have option to give such delicate to another party[13]. As indicated by the law of agreement, Alcatraz has the privilege of lawful agreement, and they can sue the division for not giving them the chance of a reasonable delicate method. According to segment 30 of the Government Tenders Act 1999, the significant pastor has the ability to teach the official which creation he arrangements of this demonstration, according to the Government Sector Employment (General) Rules 2014. Alcatraz can record a suit and held the official of the office at risk for not sending him right rules and permitting the delicate to another gathering when they have a fundamentally legitimate agreement between them[14]. Despite the fact that, the rules of the agreement given that the office can choose any delicate they need however as indicated by the Government Tenders Act 1999 the office is at risk to give the delicate to Alcatraz. End From the above perceptions, it very well may be inferred that office didn't give a reasonable delicate chance to Alcatraz. The division has option to choose their preferred delicate, yet the official neglected to give right rules to Alcatraz. The Alcatraz and the division have essentially lawfully jumping agreement which gives different privileges of the agreement to Alcatraz. The division didn't have option to give delicate to another gathering since they have a lawful agreement with Alcatraz. In this way, the delicate gave by division to Trident will be considered as void. Alcatraz has option to document a suit against the division for not giving a reasonable chance to delicate offer and releasing the delicate data to another gathering. The division is at risk not giving sensible chance and moving the agreement to another gathering. Book reference Articles/Books/Journals Adams, John N., and Roger Brownsword. More in Expectation than Hope: The Blackpool Airport Case.The Modern Law Review54.2 (1991): 281-287. Gooley, John V., Peter Radan, and Ilija Vickovich.Principles of Australian Contract Law: Cases and Materials. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2007. Peden, Elisabeth. Fusing terms of sincere trust in contract law in Australia.Sydney L. Rev.23 (2001): 222. Sidwell, A. C., D. Budiawan, and T. Mama. The centrality of the offering contract on the open doors for customers to empower contractorled innovation.Construction Innovation1.2 (2001): 107-116. Treitel, Guenter Heinz.The law of agreement. Sweet maxwell, 2003. Cases AGC(Advances)Ltd v.McWhirter(1977) 1 BPR 9454 Blackpool Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council (1990) EWCA Civ 13 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal (1893) 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd (1953) EWCA Civ 6 Spencer v Harding Law (1870) Rep. 5 C. P. 561 Enactments The Government Act 1999 (NSW) The Government Sector Employment (General) Rules 2014

The Interdependence and Indivisibility of Human Rights :: Government

The Interdependence and Indivisibility of Human Rights Theoretical: This paper safeguards the case that the contemporary standard of human rights shapes an inseparable and related arrangement of standards against both Western and Asian pundits who have affirmed exceptionalist or selectivist counterclaims. Subsequent to giving a proper meaning of human rights, I contend that the arrangement of specific human rights that contains the contemporary group speaks to a moral lawful worldview which works as an understood hypothesis of human abuse. On this view, human rights begin as regulating reactions to specific authentic encounters of persecution. Since verifiably known encounters of persecution have come about because of practices that work as parts of frameworks of control, regulating reactions to these practices have looked to incapacitate and disassemble such frameworks by denying potential oppressors of the methods which empower them to keep up their mastery. Accordingly, human rights standards structure a precise and reliant entire in light of the fact that just as parts of a framework would they be able to work as viable methods for combatting abuse and mastery. Delegates of the human rights development guarantee that the contemporary ordinance of human rights shapes a unified and associated arrangement of standards so it is inappropriate for governments to single out among human rights those which they will respect while deciphering other human rights as discretionary, unimportant, non-mandatory, or even as stunning. But the idea of the resoluteness of human rights has gone under assault lately by some Asian governments which have asserted that the contemporary group of human rights speaks to Western qualities which are in numerous regards conflicting with Asian qualities. simultaneously, some Western governments, specifically the United States of America, have neglected to sanction a few of the contracts managing monetary, social, and social rights, asserting that the rights spoke to in these instruments are simply optimistic. The contemporary standard of human rights alludes to the whole arrangement of globally perceived human rights presentations and shows, starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and including the entirety of the in this manner drafted and established worldwide human rights instruments, for example, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Declaration on the Right to Development, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and a few many other worldwide archives which recognize and classify human rights standards. Given that every one of these records contain a few dozen articles, a significant number of which portray a few, complex rights, all together there are presumably well more than one hundred things that can be distinguished as human rights in view of the standard.

Undercover Ethical Dilemmas - Free Essay Example

Undercover Ethical Dilemmas Abstract When an officer goes on an undercover assignment, it is more psychological for the officer than anything else. Undercover assignments can cause havoc on the officers marriage, family relationships and even on his self. When officers go deep undercover for long periods of time, it sometimes can cause them to go rogue and become on the other side of the law. There are certain rules and regulations that officers have to follow while undercover, this paper will discuss these rules and regulations of being undercover as well as reviewing all the ethical dilemmas the two undercover officers faced while on assignment. Also, how a new supervisor could prevent that type of behavior with future undercover officers will also be discussed in this paper. It is so essential for someone that goes on undercover, to not get lost while on assignment. The focus is essential; they cannot lose focus. It may be exciting for some but some; it could lead them on a road of continuous unethical decision making. Introduction On many occasions, undercover officers are forced to be away from their family and friends for long periods of time. It can reek havoc on that family relationship because some officers attitudes change as well as their absence from the home. If they have children, it makes it that much worse. It is necessary for officers who go undercover always to follow the rules and regulations to avoid falling on the other side of the law and going rogue. If the officer does not follow the rules and regulations exactly, it is easy for them to get caught up in illegal activities. Undercover officers face ethical dilemmas all the time; it is up to them to make the right decision over the wrong one. If the officer makes the wrong decision, it can not only put them and the rest of the teams lives in danger, but it could also cost them their career and land them potentially behind bars with the same criminals they put behind those same bars. Rules and Regulations of Undercover Assignments There are not many rules that are known to the public for the simple reason of not allowing the public to weed out those who are undercover. However, there is a two-drink maximum rule in place where officers are only allowed to consume two alcoholic drinks per night while undercover. However, while permitting specific illegal behavior on behalf of the police who are undercover, the public will lose trust in the police for the simple fact the police were allowed to legally break the law when if the people of the community did the same thing, they would be arrested and charged with no questions asked. Having public trust and moral authority is essential for the police in a democratic society (Joh, 2009). It is allowing the officers to be free of following the basic rule of law principles that are set in place. Every state has their own set of undercover rules and regulations, and they may differ from state to state. However, for the state of Oregan, the covert operations are explained in detail of what is and is not allowed while conducting an undercover investigation (0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures | 0600 Field Operations | The City of Portland, Oregon, 2018). Officers who work undercover could work the assignment alone or with two or more team members. The most crucial thing for an officer to remember is never to have any clothing or items that are visible to the naked eyes that would reveal theyre true identity. So this would include, their badge, uniform, holster, anything that would be recognized as a police uniform (0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures, 2018). In Portland, there are a few different rules that must be followed by the officers going undercover. A few of those rules include: The officer cannot consume any controlled substances. If a situation arises that the officer is being forced to use, they should refuse. However, if the suspect pushes more, the officer should take their self out of the situation and terminate the assignment. Another rule is for the officer always to be armed no matter where they are at (0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures, 2018). Also, officers should not drink alcohol when on assignment, however, if the situation arises that they must they should refrain from drinking in excess. Nevertheless, if alcohol was consumed, then the officer should report it immediately and cannot participate in any police activity until the effects of the alcohol have worn off (0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures, 2018). The Ethical Dilemmas Officers Face In the scenario, both officers made numerous unethical decisions that could have cost them both their career or even their life. When the officers get caught by their superiors of committing police misconduct, and they see no punishment for their actions, then it leaves the officer to continue their behavior and sometimes even escalate their behavior. For example, the more experienced officer, Tony, consumed many drinks, bought cigarettes and even played pool on the contingency funds. He also has purchased Marijuana with the same funds. Tonys informant even gets paid fifty dollars from the funds needed for the investigation. However, when Tony seess the informant, he not only kisses her but also grabs her behind and makes an offensive statement to her. This is not necessary to keep his cover. He sounds like a jerk especially since he does not like to work as a team. He prefers to work alone. Even though Tony logged the expenses into the book does not mean all that he logged was accur ate. When he paid the informant the fifty dollars, the receipt was not witnessed by Johnny until the next day. He was asked to witness the receipt of the transaction between Tony and his informant, but he lied because he was not there when the transaction occurred so he can not say for sure where that fifty dollars went. Over the past three years, Johnny has many accomplishments but also has had to face the consequences relating to a traffic accident while using an undercover car, being late as well as using inappropriate language and turning his reports in late. Noticeably, the more Johnny is around Tony, the more he is becoming just like him. He is disregarding his job, his family and other outside commitments. They both ditch work and go to the bar and drink until their shift ends. So now they are driving home intoxicated. Johnny has become just like Tony in regards to not being a team player. Tony has negatively influenced Johnny. Instead of showing him the right way to do things, he showed him the way he does things. However, by doing this, Johnny is now lying to his wife about his whereabouts as well as drinking excessively on the job which entails driving intoxicated. Coming in all hours of the night when he was not working or way after his shift ended. This is not the type of behavior of an o fficer, whether uniformed or undercover, should act. Johnny even using his unmarked car for pleasure without asking or notifying his superior. Preventing the Same Behavior in the Future When a new supervisor comes into the department, they should have an idea of how they want their unit ran. No matter how long any of the officers have been there, it is the supervisors job to make sure things are running efficiently as well as avoiding any misconduct from their officers (Dwyer, 2008). There is a set of code of ethics that is separate from the formalized rules and regulations. The supervisor should take the code of ethics and print them on a card for each officer. A small card they can carry around with them at all times, in their wallet or pocket. Every time they put they hand in their pocket; they will feel the card and glance at it. The problem with many departments, is some of the officers do not give the code of ethics a second thought (Dwyer, 2008). When these code of ethics have been violated by an officer, the consequence should be enforced and not pushed under the rug. The example should be made of these officers because then the newer officers will get the idea that the supervisor nor the department is something to take lightly. Control their officers behavior as they see fit is essential when trying to accomplish the agencys service goals and mission. Having the courts back the departments is also necessary. Rarely, officers who have made attempts to persuade the courts to make the departments relax the dictates has been deterred (Dwyer, 2008). It is so important to have a department that has stability, and once the balance is shaken, the officer who is trying to go against it should be handled right then and there. There should not be a chance after chance because all that tell the officers is that its okay do not do it again, in which they do (Dwyer, 2008). Conclusion Every officer, whether in uniform or undercover, should have a code of ethics they follow. Most people are raised up with morals, and some carry those morals as they grow up, but some forget those morals after they leave home. Not only should a person have their own set of ethics to follow but also they should follow their departments code of ethics. If more officers were reprimanded for violating any of the code of ethics set by their department, then maybe there would be less misconduct within the criminal justice system. There is no officer better than the other. Being on the police force means having a team of officers, not a solo officer who feels they can take on the world by their self. When the officers have that mentality, they sometimes end up on the other side of the law. References 0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures | 0600 Field Operations | The City of Portland, Oregon. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.portlandoregon.gov/police/article/529154 Dwyer, T. (2008). Codes of ethics and officer discipline. Retrieved from https://www.policeone.com/legal/articles/1743985-Codes-of-ethics-and-officer-discipline/ Joh, E. (2009). Breaking the Law to Enforce it: Undercover Police Participation in Crime. Stanford Law Review, 62.

YCJA Multiple Choice Questions Essay - 1100 Words

YCJA Multiple Choice Questions (Multiple Choice Questions Sample) Content: YCJA PART 1 and YCJA PART 2Name:Course:Instructor:Date:Assignment 1Criminal records are used by the courts as a guideline when imposing sentences upon convicted offenders. When sentencing an individual, the judge must look at specific deterrence and general deterrence. Under the criminal youth justice act prior criminal convictions cannot be used against an individual once the person becomes an adult, unless certain conditions are existing. Should the previous youth conviction always be allowed by the judge as a proper measuring instrument, when imposing adult sentence?According to the Criminal Youth Justice Act the purpose of sentencing is to hold the criminal offender accountable for an offence he or she has committed through the imposition of joint sanctions that have meaningful consequences for the youth (Alvi 2012). This improves the offender rehabilitation and reintegration in the society that he or she lives. The sentence contributes to a long-term protection o f the public because it is in the rare case that this offender commits the same crime again. The judge should therefore, impose conviction to the youth because it is more advantageous both to the society and to that particular offender. It is through the sentence that the criminal is able to change his behaviours. The offender changes from a criminal to a useful person in the society (Alvi 2012).The conviction encourages the offender to acknowledge and repair the harm they have caused to the victims or anyone else who was affected Alvi. The young person becomes accountable of his or her offending behaviours. They face up their crimes and the consequences of their actions. The conviction helps and supports the parents to control the behaviours of their children especially those children who are turning to be criminals. It makes it easy to deal with anti-social behaviours that diverts the youth to criminal activities. The formation of juvenile Delinquents Act helps in rehabilitating and reform young people. The law refers them as delinquents. A crime is a crime it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t matter who commit it, and if a young person is found guilty then he or she should face the law. The offender of the law should face the consequences.Assignment 2Should the identity of all the youth who commit any offence be published? Would publishing the name of offenders bring positive results by forcing the parents of the offenders to take ownership of the child? Should offendersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ identities above the age of 14 to 17 be published for the criminal offence committed?The name of the youth who commits any offence should be published (Goldson 2006). Some of the youth who are usually published are the youth who receive adult sentences or those who commit bigger crimes like murder, manslaughter, sexual assault among others. The publishing of the names could bring positive result...

Evolution Of The Witch From Early American Literature

The Evolution of the Witch from Early American Literature to Contemporary Film Over time there have been many different stories and adaptations about the monster that is the witch. From one folktale, to a book, to a movie there are slight differences that make each interpretation very unique. The stereotype is, people think that witches have green skin, big noses, and that they fly on brooms with pointy hats. However, if we completely examine the different texts such as The Conjuring or The Crucible, we can see that certain events in that time might have had an influence on the portrayal of the witch. Most stories do not involve these typical characteristics, but it is very fascinating to see the differences between the stories. When examining the changes of witches in time, three sources will be used. The Crucible, Hocus Pocus, and The Conjuring will aid me in examining the variation of witches. They will do this because of the fact that they were all released in different periods o f time. Furthermore, these three stories are great examples of how the monster can be different, and being something more than what they are believed to be. I will argue that witches are much more than green skinned or big nosed. And that they can look normal and can possibly be more than meets the eye. By using different types of media from different times and examining the similarities and the differences, I will reveal how much the witch has changed as well as showing the meaning they haveShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Women in Literature947 Words   |  4 PagesModernism, first introduced in literature in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, is the breaking of tradition and boundaries that have developed in society. Women have been seen as â€Å"lower† than men in society and have been treated as such. 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It was accepted by most biologists during Lamarck’s time, until the work of Darwin on evolution by natural selection in the mid-1800s and the discovery of Mendel’s work on heredity in the early 1900s lead most biologists to discount Lamarck’s theory. However, in 1948, the Soviet Union officially supported the paradigm of the inheritance ofRead MoreEast African Culture Reflects on Their Drama Using Aminata, Echoes of Silence and I Will Marry When I Want as Case Study12168 Words   |  49 PagesKEHINDE 1000101 JAYEOLA JOSEPHINE YETUNDE 1000161 AKINLUSI VINCENT ODUNAYO 1000108 TABLE OF CONTENT PAGES INTRODUCTION. 3 ORIGINS AND FORMS OF DRAMA IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT. 4 PHASES OF DRAMATIC LITERATURE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA . 5 – 7 EAST AFRICA PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE. 7 – 8 SYNOPSIS OF THE THREE PLAYS. 8 – 18 HOW EAST AFRICAN CULTURE REFLECTS ON THEIR DRAMA 18 – 30 USING AMINATA, ECHOES OF SILENCE AND I WILL MARRY

Genetically Modified Organisms Are More Prevalent Now Than...

In a broad sense, genetic modification has been around far as long as agriculture has (about 12,000 years). Throughout history, humans have been crossbreeding similar varieties of plants to create more durable, disease-resistant, and overall satisfactory crops. In more recent history, we have come to understand why crossbreeding was such a successful technique to create a more desirable harvest. From Gregor Mendel discovering heredity in the 1850s, to Watson and Crick unlocking the genetic code in 1954, our scientific understanding of genetics has immensely improved. With modern technology and agricultural practices, GMOs are more prevalent now than ever before. While we do still utilize crossbreeding, today many of our genetically modified organisms are generated and tested for desirable traits in laboratory settings. In these laboratories, scientists are capable of adding or removing individual genes in the DNA to enhance or remove certain traits in the plants. These modific ation practices have made produce bigger, more durable, more pest resistant, and more nutritious than ever before. However, the increased prevalence of GMOs in our produce has also incited substantial fear from consumers. GMOs are scientifically proven to be safe, yet many consumers still prefer to opt for more expensive organic produce even though it is no more nutritious. On top of that, there is now an increased push to require all produce and food products containing any geneticallyShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms And Its Effects1387 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Modified Rice Rice is a major staple for over half of the world, mostly Asia. As a major portion of the diet to billions of people, rice has proven to be semi-adequate sustenance for major populations. Rice has proven to be effective in sustaining life albeit malnourished; hence, rice has been at the forefront of modern genetic modification to improve the lives of many. Much of the research goes into production research to attain higher yields of rice for an ever growing population andRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Food Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesthe form of genetically modified crops. I realize the severity of the situation which plagues my people, but I cannot leave the extended welfare of my country to chance. My decision to refuse aid in the form of genetically modified food stems from the unknown health effects, probable environmental impact and possible trade disruption associated with GMOs. The fact of the matter is, we just don’t know the long-term health effects caused by consuming genetically modified organisms. GMOs wereRead MoreThe Problem Of Genetically Modified Organisms1204 Words   |  5 Pages Genetically Modified Organisms, also called genetically engineered or transgenic food, may provide a solution to help feed a growing world population, yet the debate surrounding GMOs is a mess. Are genetically modified organisms out to save the world or destroy it? The argument from either side is far from cut and dry. I believe that harnessing the power of genes is becoming one of the most important issues that mankind has to deal with today. An issue that is as controversial as it is necessaryRead MoreWhat Is Genetically Modified Organisms1786 Words   |  8 PagesGenetically Modifying Organisms In Food and Farms The farming industry is one of the biggest and most widespread industries in the United States, it plays a major role in everyone’s lives. Everyone at some point in their live is affected by the crop yields of farmers, and the price of the crops said farmers are producing. Now with the scientific advances that have been made, these crops are now able to be genetically modified. These modifications that can be made will help to increase crop yieldsRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods For Humans1991 Words   |  8 Pages1996, genetically modified organisms was introduced and has been a prevalence in America. People used the bio-engineering technology to grow crops and create DNA-Altered livestock in order to get better foods for humans. Nowadays, we could see genetically modified organisms exist in nearly 70% crop in U.S., it has take place of the non-bioengineered food at homes and restaurants. In the process of using genetically modified foods, lots of people are doubting the safety of genetically modified foodsRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods in Our Grocery Stores3022 Words   |  12 PagesThey are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s), and it has been estimated that over 75% of processed foods on supermarket shelves contain genetically engineered ingredients, which Americans have been eating since 1996. â€Å"Currently up to 85% of the United States’ corn is genetically engineered (GE), as are 91% of soybeans and 88% of cotton (cottonseed oil is often used in food products)† (About Genetically Modified Foods). What does it mean when a food is Genetically Modified? To understandRead MoreFactors of the Increasing Trend to Consume Organic Foods1484 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a growing relationship between Organic Food marketers and their consumer’s base. Over the years increased food awareness has made an impact on the way consumers are choosing their food. Awareness relating to the use of genetically modified food sources has left some consumers concerned for their health, and they see eating organically as a positive substitute. Researchers are investigating what other factors and marketing techniques are affecting consumer’s trends for organic food. ThroughRead MoreEssay about The Morals and Ethics of Genetic Engineering3310 Words   |  14 Pageswhat are now common practices are entering public attention, and as a culture we are left to question whether the change brought on by such a discovery bring benefits and positive change, or damage and destruction. Genetic engineering is justified through applied bioethics and despite arguments against its societal implantation, should be fully utilized in efforts to develop into the 21st century. Genetic engineering refers to the technology used to alter and transport genomes and organisms, effectivelyRead MoreEssay on The Ethics of Genetically Modified Food Production4151 Words   |  17 PagesThe Ethics of Genetically Modified Food Production As human technological innovation proceeds into the twenty-first century, society is faced with many complex issues. Genetic engineering and cloning, encryption and information security, and advanced weapons technologies are all prominent examples of technological issues that have substantial moral and ethical implications. Genetic engineering in particular is currently a very volatile subject. One important aspect of this field is GMORead More Agricultural Genetic Engineering Essay2889 Words   |  12 Pagesdirectly modify living organisms is a novel human technology. Since the discovery of the DNA molecule the field of genetics has grown at an astounding rate. We now have the ability to alter organisms to fit our needs. This prospect offers the possibility of solving problems that have plagued humanity for thousands of years. In recent years genetically modified organisms have found many practical applications, particularly in the agricultural sector. Genetically modified organism s in this area, called

Essay on Benefits of Stem Cell Research - 2506 Words

Take a minute to imagine a world where some of the diseases once thought to be life threatening or altering could be cured. Diseases including lupus, Lou Gehrig’s disease, arthritis and countless others could very well be treatable. Many would consider a treatment like this to be considered a miracle, but miracle treatment is this, which can help numerous people with their pain and help alter the dismal quality of life that countless others are facing but, yet is denounced as an act against God? Now what if I told you that this life altering biomedical research wasn’t getting done, instead it’s being deliberated, tarnished and thrown to the way side by American politics and scorned in the court of public opinion due to a misinterpretation.†¦show more content†¦Numerous people will argue their points without complete knowledge of the topic at hand basing their argument off of second hand accounts of others be it the media or friends and family. Never stop ping for a moment to do research on their own never asking themselves, what exactly are stem cells? â€Å"Stem cells are a unique group of unspecialized type of cell found in embryos, and some adult body tissues that has the potential to develop into specialized cells or divide into other stem cells. These cells are most commonly derived from blastocyst which is achieved through in vitro fertilization, which is fertilization outside of the womb. Blastocysts are the beginning of an embryo only a few days old, and are hollow balls of upwards of one hundred cells, and these cells will eventually divide into the two hundred and twenty types of cells in your body currently.† (What are Stem Cells?) Researchers cannot continue to wait much longer past this point with the legal strains being forced upon them by the government there, allotment of stem cell cultures has resulted in the degrading of the stem cells they do have for research therefore limiting the usefulness of the cells. Research in an effort to continue this critical research have found out there is a possibility to take adult skin cells and alter these to act similar to embryonic stem cells but this is not an end allShow MoreRelatedBenefits of Stem Cell Research773 Words   |  3 PagesBenefits of Stem Cell research The stem cell research has been controversial issue for several decades; People argue that stem cells are considered as one’s life. Stem cells for research are most often derived from the human embryo. However, Stem cell stage of embryo is not considered as human because it does not have any nerve system or any other organs. â€Å"Should Stem cell research continue?† to answer this question, Stem Cell Research should be continued because a new method of Collecting embryonicRead More The Benefits of Stem Cell Research Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Stem Cell Research Stem cells are considered â€Å"master cells† with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in cultures and can be manipulated and transformed into any type of cell in the body. The most common use would be the generation of cells and tissues that could be used to either create organs or tissues to be used in transplantation and to treat many diseases and disabilities. There is a great difference of opinion surrounding stem cell research; conservativesRead MoreThe Benefits Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1184 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Embryonic stem cell research will prolong life, improve life and give hope for life to millions of people.† This quote by Jim Ramstad is about the benefits of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Stem cells give us many opportunities to find the mechanisms that help regulate embryonic development, organ maintenance, and cellular differentiation. (Ramalho-Santos and Willenbring 35-38). Embryonic stem cell research has been around for many years. It has proven to be very beneficial to the medical world,Read MoreStem Cell Research: The Benefits of Stem Cells Essay723 Words   |  3 Pagesextracted the adult stem cells from it and formed an osteoblast, which is a bone forming cell. Six months after the osteoblast was injected, it started forming new bone material which filled the gaps (NIH Stem Cells). Stem cells could be a genius way to treat many diseases and disorders and it s hould be supported by everyone. Stem cells get their name from the fact that they are basic cells that other cells develop from. They are capable of developing into a wide range of cells. Stem cells could potentiallyRead MoreBenefits and Controversy of Stem Cell Research547 Words   |  2 PagesThe benefits and problems associated with stem cell use and stem cell research. Problems Benefits There is a lot of controversy about laws and beliefs in respect to stem cells, specifically embryonic stem cells, regarding contraception, abortion, and in vitro fertilization. Many cultures and religions believe that the use of embryonic stem cells is unethical because they believe life starts from the moment of contraception therefore the destruction of a human blastocyst to obtain embryonic stemRead MoreThe Benefits of Government-Supported Embryonic Stem Cell Research2191 Words   |  9 Pagesdisfigured or paralyzed. Stem cell research is a part of biomedical science that has the potential to cure diseases and defects, create organs for patients needing transplants, regenerate axons in spinal cord injuries, and create new treatments, drugs, and immunizations. However, federal funding is limited and does not cover embryonic stem cell research to an extent that would make a difference in medicine. The United States should support embryonic stem cell research by increasing federal fundingRead More Stem Cell Research Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesStem Cell Research What is a Stem Cell? Stems cells are immature cells found in embryos that can develop into any kind of specialized cells. They can form virtually any cell of the human body. These types of stem cells are known as pluripotent cells. Multipotent cells are stem cells that are more mature; they can be found in adults and children. Multipotent cells are not as flexible as pluripotent cells, as they have already developed into more specialized human cells. Benefits of StemRead MorePotential Medical Benefits of Embryonic Stem Cells999 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific advances and beneficial research. Scientists all over the world have been doing recent studies on embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the cells that aid the process of child growth while in the womb. These cells have a specific function to reproduce into any body part, such as a heart or major organ to hair or something not so major. Research shows that these cells have many potential medical benefits in the future. Embryonic stem cell research should continue to be pursued inRead MoreStem Cells Are Good Or Bad?968 Words   |  4 Pages Stem cells are cells that can be changed into other cell types. There are positive and negative aspects to them. They can help and danger people’s lives. Stem cells have many properties and uses. There is a big debate on whether stem cells are good or bad. There are many different opinions but I will write about what I think on this subject. The unique properties of stem cells are that they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for a long time. This means they can multiply as many timesRead MoreThe Controversial Topic of Stem-Cell Research in the United States993 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell research is a fairly controversial topic in the United States. Stem cells are cells that have the potential to become certain types of cells throughout a human body. There are a few types of stem cells, which are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most controversial due to the manner from which they are obtained. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells gathered from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an

My Point Of View Attachment Theory - 1033 Words

Main Post Attachment theory is defined as the characters associated with the long term associated of human beings. From my point of view attachment is a lasting, secure and positive bond between a child and a caregiver, a reciprocal relationship. John Bowlby who used his knowledge in developmental psychology, psychoanalysis, ethology, and data processing to base his principle of the theory developed attachment theory. John Bowlby believed that attachment theory was on of the four essential behavioral systems necessary for the evolution and survival of humans. Mary Ainsworth, psychologist, who made a big impact on Bowlby s attachment theory. She had definitely modified and improved this theory by providing most famous research â€Å"strange situation† which explained the individual differences of newborns in attachment. Ainsworth describes of the patterns of secure and insecure attachment, the study, which resulted 4 attachments pattern (styles); secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganiz ed-insecure (AttachFromScatch, 2013). According Myra’s scenarios, Her baby appeared to be trying to make eye contact with her during feeding time she avoids eye contact by gazing out the window and she spends little time with him by consuming her time with house cores. Many of the Myra’s behaviors can lead to an insecure attachment for the baby. Therefore insecure attachments are centered on difficulties in separating the needs of the parent from the needs of the child. Stress also may affectShow MoreRelatedApplying Theory1698 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: APPLYING THEORY Applying Theory Dinah M. Creamer University of Washington-Tacoma Human Behavior and the Social Environment TSOCW402-Theodora A. Drescher November 24, 2008 OUTLINE This paper will focus on problems commonly linked to adolescents and their formation of relationships by applying attachment theory. INTRODUCTION PART ONE: Development milestones and tasks in adolescents (ages 13 to 18 years) †¢ Attachment experiences †¢ Trust Read MoreBowlby : The Father Of Attachment Theory1503 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered to be the Father of Attachment Theory. He believed infants have a biological predisposition to form attachments with others because they depend on others to fulfill their needs for survival. He also believed attachment instinct could be activated by various threats, such as fear and separatism. This instinct is activated because primary caregivers allow infants to develop a sense of security and secure base for the infants to explore the world. The attachment theory developed when Bowlby soughtRead MoreRationale Statement : The Development And Implementation Of The Curriculum1639 Words   |  7 PagesDepartment of Health and Human Services, 2010). 2. Depth and breadth 30% (360 words) †¢ Justify your views with relevant principles and ideas from the EYLF and attachment theory. †¢ Support rationale with unit materials and wider research. Thorough research and coverage of the topic. A good balance of unit readings and relevant wider research is evident. A range of principles and ideas from attachment theory and the EYLF and wider literature are integrated throughout. On the basis of the above discussionRead MoreThe Strange Situation Protocol Was Developed By British Psychoanalyst John Bowlby1211 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment theory, originally developed by British psychoanalyst John Bowlby (1907-1990), is based on caregiver-child relationships. Bowlby indicated that the attachment style developed in infancy, has a true correlation to our adult relationships, and is a result of recurring interpersonal interactions with caregivers during childhood. Children develop different attachment styles based on their experience and interactions with primary caregivers. Several various ways of evaluating attachment inRead MoreAttachment Theory And Children Of Divorce1424 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology Attachment Theory and Children of Divorce Attachment theory, or styles, is the way we describe relationships and bonds between people. In this particular case it will be about the bond between two parents and the child as they struggle through the troubles of divorce. In Dean McKay’s article â€Å"The Trauma of Divorce: Reducing the Impact of Separation on Children† we see that he identifies divorce for children as trauma, and that because of trauma they become less secure in attachment. He beginsRead MoreChildren and Young People’s Development.1105 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Bowlby’s attachment theory has had a huge influence on practice. â€Å"His work on maternal separation, attachment, and loss...has profoundly influenced practice†, Pedder, (2010:p130). Bowlby’s attachment theory talks about how important it is for a child to have a primary caregiver and how a child need’s to have a strong bond with their main carer. From Bowlby’s research and theory there has be en a great influence on policies and practice as, has been stressed how important it is to provide childrenRead MoreHow Does An Individual Become Delinquent?1605 Words   |  7 PagesHow does an individual become delinquent? There are many views in society of why deviant behavior plays a role in ones life. One example is known as The Social Control Theory, originally known as The Social Bond Theory in 1969. During the 1960’s sociologists sought different conceptions of crime. One question general asked is â€Å"why do people follow the law?† The social Control Theory suggests that individuals become deviant when their bond to society has weakened. This tend to happen when individualRead MoreWhat is the Social Bond Theory?1154 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many theories that try to explain why crime is committed. Theres the strain theory, the Social disorganization theory, the Different association theory and many others. But the one that I think best explains why cr ime is committed is the social bond theory. It is very straightforward and it explains what leads to a crime. The social bond theory states that a persons view toward a society determines if a person will be a criminal or not. This theory has some downsides to it but I willRead MoreThe Acquisition Of Language As A Fundamental Basis For A Child s Development956 Words   |  4 Pageshave been psychosocial deprivation and a lack of interaction and infant directed speech from his Mother (Hill and Saffran, 2005). It appears there are many theories relating to the discourse about how children acquire and develop language, and there have been many notable contributions and concepts offered across the decades; however no one theory is able to offer irrefutable evidence as to how language is acquired (Otto, 2006). Historically there is some dissension amongst psychologists about the originsRead MoreWhy I Believe in Attachment Parenting Essays1522 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The essay provides an introduction to Attachment Parenting. It covers why I believe it is a valid and important way to parent. It believes that children need to have firm foundation of attachment in order to have proper brain development. I cover why I believe so much in this parenting style. It is a very connected way to raise and respond to children. It covers the elements that make-up this parenting style including: co-sleeping and baby wearing. Also, cover some of the objections to

Sustainable Product & Service MarketGrowth Potential in Nz

Question: Describe about the Sustainable Product and Service Market And Its Growth Potential In New Zealand? Answer: Introduction Sustainable marketing is the practice in marketing whereby companies take the initiative to promote eco-friendly products and services. They commit not to exhaust the environment whether rural or urban (Seretny Seretny, 2012). It means that companies designing a product which can be universally used by all consumers for years without affecting the ecosystem (Gordon, Carrigan Hastings, 2011). In this of marketing a company tries to benefit from the greater significance that the consumers put on a particular product which is eco-friendly, so that the company can restructure their investment for the manufacturing of the same product (Blunck, Gillpatrick, Ashori Pantelic, n.d.). Forecasting Future of Sustainable Marketing We have one planet but we use our resources as if we have more than one. Many companies are changing their marketing strategies so that they can come up with eco-friendly products which does not harm the environment and have adverse effect on it (Barutcu Tomas, 2013). The future of sustainability in marketing depends on the consumers also as it depends on the companies. If the consumers change their tastes and preferences towards purchasing eco-friendly products, the environment gets saved (Arseculeratne Yazdanifard, 2013). Switching to these kinds of sustainable products gives the company an opportunity to create products which compensates the needs of the people very well without disturbing the ecology (Kelly, 2011). Companies now use green marketing strategy wherein a company develops a product which involves features that provides ecological balance. The future of our generations depends on us, if the present generation use product and services which are environmentally safe th an the future generations will not have to compromise. Many a time companies suffer from sustainability marketing myopia (Thomas, 1987). This happens when a company is unable to anticipate the customer needs and problems that will be faced by the environment by using a particular product. Sustainable marketing has now also become a part of corporate social responsibility in which products and services delivered to the consumers are environmentally safe, not harming the ecosystem (Micangeli et al., 2014). Many consumers not know about the sustainable products of a particular company, they often interrogate the intention of the company and their social responsibility (TWISS, 1984). For example, All Good started its business years back and is still in business because they use ingredients which are best for growers, best for the land on which they are grown and finally best for the end-user, i.e., the consumers. 1. Scope of the sustainable product and service market and its growth potential in New Zealand Eco-friendly product is one of the sustainable products in New Zealand. In this country greenery is one of the eco-friendly products. According to different study it has been found out that the customers are very much concerned about the production of agricultural food because it is about their health and well- being. It has been understood through the study of environmental sustainability that the vineyards of New Zealand plays an important role in the vine markets. According to the residents of New Zealand sustainable wine are much better than the normal wine found in the market. As there is a demand of sustainable wine in that market then the growth potential of the product is very high. In winter season New Zealand is one of the chilling countries and people living there take wine to keep them warm and not only that wine is one of the sophisticated drinks which people consume be it in their home or any party they are attending. So the growing rate of this product in this country is very high (Bhattacharya, Hildebrand Sen, n.d.). Labour and skill market is one of the important service markets in New Zealand. In this country skilled labours are giving much importance as there are many small and medium enterprises. Skills are in demand in this country because works like agriculture, construction, education, health and social service are very much done here. Country like New Zealand is a highly skilled country so people working in this country have to be highly skilled. Tourism is also one of the main export income and many people work in this sector. As this country is a skilled based country so when there is a downfall in the economy the workers engage themselves in other works. But when there is demand then there is a shortage of skilled workers but when there is no demand then these workers are ideal and they remain unused. Electricity department is also one of the popular sectors in New-Zealand. In this sector there are various departments like production, transference, delivery and retailing and people eng age themselves in these works. 2. Analyze a variety of frameworks for developing competitive advantage, examine key challenges in sustainable marketing, and evaluate the risks associated with sustainable marketing practices in an organization Competition means challenging against each other with the purpose of achieving of superiority from the other (Ghamari, n.d.). "Sustainable competitive advantage is the unique position that an organization develops in relation to competitors that allows it to outperform them consistently. A firm will achieve sustainable competitive advantage if it applies strategies which will use internal potency so that they response well to the environmental factors and simultaneously counterbalancing the external factors (Morrish Lee, 2011). A company can be sustainable with its products if it can improve its competencies and efficacy in the way its competitors cannot. For example, AECOM, a leading company in New Zealand uses the framework of challenging each group everyday so that work comes out better (Robertson, 1996). They make an effort to put together sustainability into all their projects and exploit their Sustainable Development Group to defy everyday ponder on New Zealands infrastructure and real estate projects as well as designing, landscape work and planning. The key challenges in sustainable marketing are population of the world has increased since last 50 years and with the consumption rate is also increasing (Papprill, 2006). With increased levels of production as well as consumption it is of great concern what will be the impact on the future generations. Making products which will be accepted by the consumers and also the environment is also a big challenge for the companies (Tahoori, Rosnah Norzima, 2014). Companies need to expand its sustainability issues which help in attracting and retaining new and old consumers respectively. The risks which are involved with sustainable marketing practice are: Operating Risk: When a company gets into making sustainable products or participates in bringing sustainability it uses up financial resources to bring a product or a service in the eyes of the consumers portraying it as big as possible from their competitors. Now if the consumers are not satisfied with the product than the company faces a loss in their sales, profitability and market share. Market Risk: Companies now are bringing in product with green label. Consumers are also getting inclined to the products which are eco-friendly but if these products comes in a reasonable price than the consumers stay in benefit. With increase in the prices of the eco-friendly product or services the consumers become cautious enough not to purchase the product or service. Thus the companies losses its share in the market disrupting its customer base. For example, Art Hotel Great Ponsoby is a small hotel in New Zealand which provides bed and breakfast in just two minutes walk to Ponsoby Road; they use all eco-friendly products for laundry, cleaning, guest amenities, etc., now if the cost of this service is slated high than Art Hotel might lose its consumer risking its market. Company Image Risk: A consumer sticks to a company for its image, and once it is ruined the consumer base is lost. When a company makes any change in its product it has to see its value in the market whether it is cost-effective or liked by the consumers. If the company fails to give consistency of eco-friendly products to the consumers it kills the image of the company. A consumers mind-set can change anytime which falls as a risk on the company and its image. 3. Examine the drivers for digital media, applications of digital media for sustainable marketing, and identify the dangers associated with digital media as a medium of communication Drivers for digital media: Pervasive Mobility Responsive Design: Now marketing has changed itself from traditional approach of seller-buyer being at once, and moving into the world information technology. Now consumers and sellers may not be in the same place while transactions but they can both be available when a product is being purchased online. Responsive design detects the consumers screen size and layout and helps the consumers accordingly while purchasing a product (Barutcu Tomas, 2013). Business Blogging: When a customer purchases a product online they have many questions in their mind. So a company to stay in competitive advantage should maintain a blog keeping its best employees who can answer the concerns of the consumers and also write details of the products increasing the knowledge of the consumers ('The fusion marketing bible: fuse traditional media, social media, and digital media to maximize marketing', 2013). Whether a product is eco-friendly or not if determined from the blog by the consumers it makes the company efficient gaining the trust and loyalty of the customers (Friesen, 2011). Google Authorship: Now with the help of Google+ the company executive, heads and other experts can publish their testimonials online, to make themselves known and recognized in the content areas so as to boost the benefits of search engine in the business. Inbound Marketing: Inbound marketing means to get recognized by the customers. The strategy is to bring all the above points together so that you can attain success. Applications of digital media for sustainable marketing: Advertising: A company can advertise through digital media about their products, so that the customers get knowledge of the same sitting at home. Transaction: Today in the world of technology customers are more comfortable with online transactions. So a company can sell their product online for the easy access of the customers. Promotion: Nowadays customers have become technologically advanced so the companies take up the initiative to promote the products or services digitally. Business Blog: A company can use digital media for writing about the product and services they are providing so that the customers get a firsthand knowledge about the product and about its authenticity. Dangers associated with digital media as a medium of communication: PR crisis: A public relations crisis can prove to be a danger for a company. If the company is found to falsify information about their products, if a smallest of small information is found to be wrong than the company will receive negative feedback. And risk its image (McDonagh, 1998). Selection of vendors: A company fully rely on it vendors in case of online transactions, if any one of the vendors is found to be offensive than the company may loss its business and also the loyalty of its customers (Kaul, 2012). Security Breaches: If the company does not have proper security tags on their pages it helps the hackers to hack into the companys page and mishandle the data. 4. Examine the ethical responsibility of sustainable marketing practices Sustainable marketing and social responsibility is the two sides of a same coin. Sustainable marketing does not only mean to develop or make products which are eco-friendly but it also means that the product should be channelized to the customers in an ethical way (Ferrell, Weaver, Taylor Jones, 1978). As the consumers today go for eco-friendly products, the company is accountable and should make sure that the products are goes through proper manufacturing process. Today along with earning profit and maximizing sales a companys objective is also to see the welfare of its customers because today marketing has left behind the concept of traditional marketing and moved to relationship based marketing. The company should take the initiative to address ethics to build a strong customer base. The products of the company should not affect the well being of the consumers and as well as the environment. 5. Segmentation methods to identify and target markets suitable for sustainable marketing Segmentation in sustainable marketing can be done in the following ways (Jaffe, Berger Jamieson, 1992): Personal Values: In this attribute the customers behavior and perceptions are examined in which the whether the customers want a full description of their product online or they want a face-to-face discussion of the product, whether a customer wants a different ingredient of the product, etc (Haustein Hunecke, 2013). Beliefs about sustainability: This attribute segments the people who believe that the product can be accepted economically and environmentally. It is also seen that if the customers want to change their lifestyle into sustainable living ('Segmenting for Sustainability: The Development of a Welsh Model to Engage the Public in Sustainability and Sustainability', 2015). Energy saving: In this attribute it was examined how much conscious the customers are towards sustaining the environment and energy. If using only sustainable products can be used by them or not (Seretny Seretny, 2012). Demographics: In this attribute the characteristics of the consumers can be seen whether they can afford the price of the product, who will be consuming the product, age of the consumer according to which the attributes of the product can be changed. The target markets for sustainable marketing are as follows (Dibb Simkin, 1991): Consumers who are aware of the sustainable issues and the products which are environmentally safe. Consumers who clearly and firmly believe in keeping in good health, healthy foods having a great level of responsibility for the ecosystem and social matters. Consumers who are concerned about local sustainability and consumption. Consumers who are concerned about environment and wants to be more concerned about it. Consumers who are parents and wants their children to consume the best of eco-friendly products and make them aware of the environmental issues and problems. Conclusion Sustainable marketing helps in restoring the environment by creating awareness by the companies in the minds of the people. There are many companies in New Zealand such as AECOM, Art Hotel, EERST, etc are working towards making a better place for the future generations to survive without compromising (Tansu Barker, 1987). It has been forecasted that the balance in environment can be brought by developing sustainable products and services keeping in mind the taste and preferences of the consumers. A company can have competitive advantage if switch to manufacturing sustainable products but there are several risks and challenges involved in it. If a consumer doesnt like a product it may create a negative image of the company and the firm may suffer financial losses losing its market share and also potential customer base. Digital media helps the sustainable product market in making a change. The consumers are now technologically advanced and they will always want to know about a particu lar product sitting at home, so the company makes most use of the digital media to bring a product to its customers. The company when using digital media as a tool for marketing should keep in mind the risks that come along with it. Sustainable products can be segmented in different segments of personal values, demographics, etc and are targeted towards people who really are concerned about themselves, the future generations and the ecosystem as well. For example, Environmental Education for Resource Sustainability Trust (EERST) educates on minimizing waste and saving the environment. They have helped in reducing carbon dioxide release through afforestation. They have Paper4trees in schools and preschools in which the New Zealands future generations are helping to create sustainable environment by adopting sustainable habits which they put into practice every day. References Arseculeratne, D., Yazdanifard, R. (2013). How Green Marketing Can Create a Sustainable Competitive Advantage for a Business. International Business Research, 7(1). doi:10.5539/ibr.v7n1p130 Barutcu, S., Tomas, M. (2013). Sustainable Social Media Marketing and Measuring Effectiveness of Social Media Marketing. Journal Of Internet Applications And Management, 4(1), 5-24. doi:10.5505/iuyd.2013.69188 Barutcu, S., Tomas, M. (2013). Sustainable Social Media Marketing and Measuring Effectiveness of Social Media Marketing. Journal Of Internet Applications And Management, 4(1), 5-24. doi:10.5505/iuyd.2013.69188 Bhattacharya, C., Hildebrand, D., Sen, S. Corporate Social Responsibility: A Corporate Marketing Perspective. SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2333495 Blunck, E., Gillpatrick, T., Ashori, S., Pantelic, D. Sustainable Marketing. Attitudes of Future Decision Makers Toward Sustainability Issues. SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2556997 Dibb, S., Simkin, L. (1991). TARGETING, SEGMENTS AND POSITIONING. International Journal Of Retail Distribution Management, 19(3). doi:10.1108/09590559110143800 Ferrell, O., Weaver, K., Taylor, J., Jones, R. (1978). Ethical Beliefs of Marketing Managers. Journal Of Marketing, 42(3), 69. doi:10.2307/1250537 Friesen, N. (2011). Introduction. Media: digital, ecological and epistemological. Elea, 8(3), 175. doi:10.2304/elea.2011.8.3.175 Ghamari, J. Conceptualization of Competitive Advantage and Sustainable Competitive Advantage, the Question of Diversity. SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1673322 Gordon, R., Carrigan, M., Hastings, G. (2011). A framework for sustainable marketing. Marketing Theory, 11(2), 143-163. doi:10.1177/1470593111403218 Haustein, S., Hunecke, M. (2013). Identifying target groups for environmentally sustainable transport: assessment of different segmentation approaches. Current Opinion In Environmental Sustainability, 5(2), 197-204. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.04.009 Jaffe, L., Berger, P., Jamieson, L. (1992). Comprehension, positioning, segmentation and purchase probability. Omega, 20(1), 51-57. doi:10.1016/0305-0483(92)90055-c Kaul, V. (2012). The Pros and Cons of New Media and Media Freedom. J Mass Communicat Journalism, 02(05). doi:10.4172/2165-7912.1000114 Kelly, G. (2011). History and potential of renewable energy development in New Zealand. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(5), 2501-2509. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.021 McDonagh, P. (1998). Towards a theory of Sustainable Communication in Risk Society: Relating issues of sustainability to marketing communications. Journal Of Marketing Management, 14(6), 591-622. doi:10.1362/026725798784867699 Micangeli, A., Naso, V., Michelangeli, E., Matrisciano, A., Farioli, F., Belfiore, N. (2014). Attitudes toward Sustainability and Green Economy Issues Related to Some Students Learning Their Characteristics: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability, 6(6), 3484-3503. doi:10.3390/su6063484 Morrish, S., Lee, C. (2011). Country of origin as a source of sustainable competitive advantage: the case for international higher education institutions in New Zealand. Journal Of Strategic Marketing, 19(6), 517-529. doi:10.1080/0965254x.2011.599497 Papprill, J. (2006). Building a sustainable urban future: An Auckland experience. New Zealand Geographer, 62(2), 152-154. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.2006.00037.x Robertson, W. (1996). Sustainable management and the market in New Zealand. Land Use Policy, 13(3), 213-215. doi:10.1016/0264-8377(96)00002-6 Segmenting for Sustainability: The Development of a Welsh Model to Engage the Public in Sustainability and Sustainability. (2015). WSA Working Paper Series, (01-2014), 3-28. Seretny, M., Seretny, A. (2012). Sustainable Marketing - a new Era in the Responsible Marketing Development. Foundations Of Management, 4(2). doi:10.2478/fman-2013-0011 Seretny, M., Seretny, A. (2012). Sustainable Marketing - a new Era in the Responsible Marketing Development. Foundations Of Management, 4(2). doi:10.2478/fman-2013-0011 Tahoori, G., Rosnah, M., Norzima, Z. (2014). Key Issues and Challenges of a Sustainable Closed Loop Supply Chain. AMM, 564, 684-688. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.684 Tansu Barker, A. (1987). CONSUMERISM IN NEW ZEALAND. International Marketing Review, 4(3), 63-74. doi:10.1108/eb008337 The fusion marketing bible: fuse traditional media, social media, and digital media to maximize marketing. (2013). Choice Reviews Online, 50(10), 50-5695-50-5695. doi:10.5860/choice.50-5695 Thomas, R. (1987). Forecasting New Product Market Potential: Combining Multiple Methods. Journal Of Product Innovation Management, 4(2), 109-119. doi:10.1111/1540-5885.420109 TWISS, B. (1984). Forecasting market size and market growth rates for new products. Journal Of Product Innovation Management, 1(1), 19-29. doi:10.1016/s0737-6782(84)80039-9

Medical

Questions: Critically Analyse the Historical Concepts Related to Gastronomy. Critically Evaluate the Development of Gastronomy through the Ages. Answers: Introduction Eating habit is the individual habitual decision regarding foods or the decision of group of people what they eat. Dietary habits include proportional amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, water and mineral. In human health, dietary habit has a significant role. Food has a relationship with culture and preparation and serving food is an art (Bode 2000). The concern of the relation is known as gastronomy. With the development of eating habit the gastronomy also improves. However, eating habit and gastronomy has significant relationship as gastronomy depends on eating habit of group of people or individual. Eating habits throughout the world has changed drastically since the evolution of men. In the Neolithic Period, humans relied on hunting and scavenging for fruits and vegetables for their diet. In those ages, men consumed far more food than present day men; this is due to their need for energy to resist harsh environments and predators. As the years advanced, so did the types of food that was consumed. The domestication of animals meant that men are less varieties of meat (Montignac, 2016), but saw the development of gastronomy. The rise of gastronomy came alongside social classes, in the past, the food eaten was determinant on what was available to be scavenged or hunted. In the middle ages, food was scarce and selective eating became a way of life, people higher in the social classes feasted on foods that were more refined and consisted of meats while poorer people resorted to eating scraps or stale bread. 1.Concept of gastronomy Gastronomy is a study of practice and progress of the eating habit, culinary system and related matters that has relation with idea of Savarin. However, the idea of Savarin is encompassed field. The nature of this idea is interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary both. Agricultural study has a range in urban surrounding to the global commodity trade, which plays a sensitive role to shape particular and cultural food notions. Different role pans and pots played major role to craft the traditional culinary throughout the world. Gastronomy is a holistic matter that utilizes anthropological, economic, historic, scientific and socio-cultural methodologies at the time of embracing sensual and experimental aspects. Gastronomy students have various scopes and goals like food writing, policy advocacy, and entrepreneurship in urban farming. All the scopes are very demanding and prestigious. Gastronomy study helps gain the regional, national and international food system that helps to sustain the taste, cultural importance and texture. The roles are connected with each other to flourish the continuity. Many of the rich people were very selective in case of food in the 19th century who has the opportunity to select the foods on their choice. They paid premiums on the special foods for the best quality and also for the experimental purpose. This developed the cooking process regarding to health. This experiment showed that wheat was more preferable in comparison to rye that is more digestible and good for health. However, only the wealthy people could afford the wheat because of high price. 2.Food selection through the ages Gillespie, C. and Cousins, J. (2006).European gastronomy into the 21st century. 1st ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Gillespie and Cousins mentioned that in Medieval England, wheat was considered to be reserved for the rich and noble inhabitants; rye was generally eaten as it was easier to cultivate and produce. As many people living in Medieval England were considered poor and many died from starvation, the lack of a stable food source led the people to consume food by contemplating the energy value vs. cost. Many richer people who have vast fortunes tend to be more selective of their foods and would pay premiums on special foods, hence, the need of quality and experimental cooking increased. This shows that wheat was more favourable as compared to rye which indicates that gastronomy was preferred and only the wealthy landowners could afford such luxuries. Back in the Neolithic age, humans would eat any protein that was available to them. From this, it is evident that the lack of a food source has subsequently created better foods (Burnett, 1989). Compared to modern times, sustainable farming of a nimals and vegetables meant that there is an abundance of food. Variety is commonplace; however, many proteins and types of vegetables such as truffles are considered exotic and a delicacy which are used in the pinnacle of gastronomy dining. Thirsk, J. (2006).Food in early modern England. 1st ed. London: Hambled on Continuum. Thirsk states that at the start of the 19th century, majority of foods were still locally sourced and produced, majority of the population lived at the country side which meant that access was convenient and nearby. However, as the country developed, many people moved into the cities which then required innovative ways to transport foods into the cities. The development of the railroad solved the issue and soon after, households had access to fresh produce within the city. Imports started to become cheaper as refrigerated transport came into the Victorian era, this meant that meats and vegetables became cheaper and enabled regularised diets of all classes for the first time in English history. Soon after, gastronomy started to gain a foothold, the most popular and fashionable cuisine amongst the population was French, this was then further enforced by the publishing of books by famous celebrity chefs such as Marie-Antoine Carme. His book was translated from French to English in 1836 which was influential towards the development of gastronomy. Another influential figure that helped garner gastronomy and the changing eating habits was Isabella Beetons cook book which stated precise quantities as well as cooking times (Thirsk, 2006). Trentmann, F. (n.d.).The Oxford handbook of the history of consumption. 1st ed. Trentmann mentioned that British food cannot properly be defined; this is due to the sheer number of former inhabitants by a large array of different cultures and people. In 1066, prior to the Norman invasion, the Romans, Saxons and Vikings had already previously inhabited the island, this then brought many different language, foods and even their eating habits along with them. During the 1800s, many foreign communities such as the Polish, Italian and French immigrated to the United Kingdom. After World War II, Britain experienced many settlers ranging from Pakistan, China and Turkey to the country which furthered the expansion of the already rich culture and food traditions. These then influenced and was the basis of how current diets and gastronomy of British nations were shaped. Up until the 1900s, Britons lived primarily off the land while traders brought exotic foods and ingredients such as fruits and spices from other countries. Since then, these imports were expensive and main ly reserved for the wealthy, while majority others ate from locally sourced meats and ingredients. Modern day money saving methods such as making foods from leftovers such as mashed potatoes for a cottage pie and the use of animal innards for dishes like haggis and blood pudding. Sedghi, A. (2015).UK tops chart of EU food waste. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/22/uk-tops-chart-of-eu-food-waste [Accessed 12 Nov. 2016]. Sedghi mentions that the recent increase in health concerns as well as the popularisation of celebrity chefs reignited the change of eating habits and gastronomy once again. Recent reports indicated that Britons throw approximately 30% of foods and the root cause of this was the change in habit, mind-set as well as individuals having too much choice rather than having too little. The Invention of Cooking from Collecting' food to 'Producing' Edwards, J.S., 2006. Culinary Pleasures: Cookbooks and the Transformation of British Food.Journal of Foodservice,17(1), pp.60-61. Edwards explained that British cooking has to suffer from horrible decline due to the industrial revolution. For this industrial revolution, the economic base of the country was shifted to cities from the land. This destroyed virtuous tradition of the British country. In 1960, the British cooking began to revive. Elizabeth David, the introducer of Mediterranean delights to middle classes said that food is an enjoyable and energy producing thing. She surveyed House of Management (1861) of Mrs. Beeton and found the difference techniques of cooking of previous time. Edward (2006) mentioned that cooking is the mixture of science and art by applying heat. Cooking method includes all kinds of culinary methods also like washing and cutting of food, presentation of raw and cooked food, garnishing dishes, desserts decoration and meal planning. In the primitive ages, human used to eat raw foods and with the time they started to roast their foods before eating. They found that it was the easiest way to chew and eat the food, which could be digested easily also. In Palaeolithic age, people of South France started to wrap foods in wet leaves and steam it. They mainly used skulls, stones or shells to roast or steam the foods. With the time, the process of steaming spread to the other parts of world. In the next age, people started to learn the making process of earthen pots. They started to cook their foods in the earthen pots. Mintz, S.W. and Du Bois, C.M., 2002. The anthropology of food and eating.Annual review of anthropology, pp.99-119. Mintz and Du Bois mentioned that food is a necessary substance for the human existence. With the development of human, the eating habit of human is also changing. the anthropologists showed the evaluation of foods has a link with the eating habit. Food system is used in illumination of large society method like creation of socio-economic value, social memory construction and symbolic value. Fernandez-Armesto (2001) pointed that food studies has a vital role to debate about the cultural materialism and human behaviour explanation or structuralism. The cultural and biological evolution of food is different. Before Christ, China became very popular for soybean cultivation and quick spread in eastern Asia. After, rice, wheat, barley and millet, soybean is considered as the fifth grain. However, in the Bronze Age, human learnt about the lentils and started to cultivate the lentils. In the 15th century, the British countries started to use cast -iron stoves whereas, Chinese knew it before hundred years. In the middle 15th age British came to know about the chillies. Lighten, C. (n.d.).How food shapes everyday life. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.bl.uk/learning/resources/pdf/foodstories/lightengodeeper.pdf [Accessed 12 Nov. 2016]. Although there is an increase demand in gastronomy cooking/dining, Lighten mentions that due to the invention of microwaves and fast foods, the method of food preparation has evolved drastically. In the past, economic downturns meant that any food on the table had to be eaten despite how badly it tasted or cheaply made it was, currently, foods are made more cheaply at the cost of quality. The microwave then came to make food on the go such as ready to eat meals and cup noodles; this then made the household more flexible as children could potentially prepare these foods themselves. Although the nutritional value of these foods is considered very low and unhealthy, many households favour the cost and convenience of it over the quality of the food. Albeit gastronomy cooking/dining is considered to be at its peak, lower income households are leaning towards junk food as compared to the past where peasants ate bread and pottage which was still considered to be healthy. The availability of takeaway restaurants and fast foods completely changed the development of eating habits as well, as household members no longer require culinary skills. Schlosser, E., 2012.Fast food nation: The dark side of the all-American meal. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. food and the amount increased to $110 billion in 2001 (Sloan 2004). British people now spend more money in the fast food rather than education, cars, homes and technology. Fast food became a part of British life. In the British industry, fundamental changes have driven the extraordinary progress of fast food. In the fast food industry, Mc Donald became a powerful brand. However, in America, Mc Donald provided 90% of fresh job (Spence and Piqueras-Fiszman 2014). Another famous fast food brands are Pizza Hut, Subway and KFC. In 1950, the famous fast foods were French fries and hamburger. However, the process of making fast food is completely different from the traditional cooking method. The cooking process of fast foods in recent days is completely different from the traditional cooking methods (Schlosser 2012). Jean Anthelme Brillat Savarin Jean Anthelme Brillat Savarin was first who defined the term Gastronomy, Jean states that Gastronomy as a knowledge and understanding of the eating habit of man. The purpose of gastronomy is to provide possible best food to men. The debate area is the usage of possible best food on the consideration of vague and other gastronomic approaches. Jean Anthelme Brillat Sarvin was a French lawyer of 18th century, who explained that by the eating habit one can identify the nature of human. According to Savarin, gastronomy is related to the men what they eat. The main challenge for the gastronomy is to understand the difference between good food and best food. Famed French anthropologist of 20th century, Claude Levi-Strauss stated that food is a good think that is related with sensitivity of human. It is needed to understand that what is food, good food, best food and bad food. Warde and Martens (2000) considers gastronomy as the isolation of chemicals within foods that are able to stimulate our senses and appetite and provide energy. Food gastronomy is conscious about the cookery system and evolution of cookery. However, gastronomy is a good eating art. Gastronomy includes healthy diet that starts from the way of preparation and ends to the way of serving. The gastronomists mainly help to develop the quality of food production, servicing and make the food healthier. Gastronomy has relation with the culinary art. It provides the knowledge of diet, food science and nutrition that is responsible to prepare the foods. According to Pantelidis (2014), Culinary art is responsible to give pleasure to the eyes and also palatable. Culinary art includes works in the hotel and hospitality industry. Industrialization of foods and Haute Cuisine Haute cuisine is a brief presentation and preparation of small and various courses. In European hotels and restaurants, this is made by the big and stratified staffs. According to Strong (2002), British diet has evaluated to industrial perversion from the medieval barbarity. However, human sentiment is related with food and food has the magic power to convert the emotional status of human. Industrial perversion plays a significant role in development of haute cuisine that has developed the variety, quality and quantity of diet. Industrial decadence has a significant impact on Western countries as well as on the other nations of world. The factors of industrial decadence are preserving, mechanisation, retailing and transport. The canned foods like dried meat, fish and vegetables are easy to distribute worldwide. The drying process includes pickling, salting and icing that has an important impact on the European countries. Public and Royal banquets There is much difference in the public banquets and royal banquets. In royal banquet, four to six courses are added with seven to nine types of dishes in each course. The table for royal banquet has variation. There are different places for the royal guests, major guests and minor guests for eating purpose. There was public gallery for the general people in royal banquet hall. On the other hand, public banquet is referred to hotels, restaurants. In public banquet, there are also various dishes and courses are served but not like royal style. Policy needs the influenced support of the food writer whereas sustainable food business needs the support of sustainable farmers to thrive. The research of cultural anthropologists helps to achieve the access of equitable urban food. Every country needs significant anthropological, cultural comprehension and sociological to stifle the food related diseases. For this purpose one should understand the meaning of food and the role of foods in individuals life. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that gastronomy has different branches and evaluated very much from the primitive ages to the modern age. Gastronomy develops with the human food behaviour and nature. Gastronomy defines the historical, socio-culture, scientific, economic, culture and anthropological theories and evidences. In the primitive ages human had the habit of eating flesh. With the evaluation, individuals became know about roasting, streaming and other cooking methods. With the evaluation of gastronomy, culinary substances also developed. The changes also have seen in menu of the human eating. Variety of foods are added in the menu of the restaurants and hotels form the 19th centuries to 21st centuries (Beardsworth and Keil 1997) Culinary method includes the cleaning, washing and cutting of vegetable and other staffs, healthy preparation of food that not only please the eyes but also palatable. The discussion covered the difference of royal and public banquet st yle of food. With the changes of food selection and food production method, British people became habituate to consume fast foods that is not healthier. From the invention of earthen utensils, microwave has come in the modern age for the cooking purpose. Gastronomy students have bright future they can achieve regional, national and global reputation due to the significant and beautiful mixture of art and science. They have various opportunities and cultural and economical benefits. Industrialisation decades of foods provide them another chance to reach the global market. Industrialisation of foods helped the regional and busy people to get healthier foods instantly like canned and dried foods. The procedure of making dried food is concerned with gastronomy. The main reason of gastronomy is to provide healthier foods to people that please the eyes as well as taste also. However, gastronomy includes the food writers as well as the sustainable farmers also. The process of cultivation also should be healthier that is use of less pesticides and other poisonous chemicals. The chemicals affect the food quality. References: Beardsworth A. and Keil T. (1997) Sociology on the Menu. London: Routledge. Bode, W. (2000) European Gastronomy. London: Grub Street Press. Edwards, J.S., 2006. Culinary Pleasures: Cookbooks and the Transformation of British Food.Journal of Foodservice,17(1), pp.60-61. Fernandez-Armesto, F. (2001) Food a History. London: Macmillan. Goody, J., 1982.Cooking, cuisine and class: a study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. Mintz, S.W. and Du Bois, C.M., 2002. The anthropology of food and eating.Annual review of anthropology, pp.99-119. Pantelidis, I.S. (Eds.) (2014) the Routledge Handbook of Hospitality Management. London: Routledge. Schlosser, E., 2012.Fast food nation: The dark side of the all-American meal. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Sloan, D., (2004) Culinary Taste, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. Spence, C. and Piqueras-Fiszman, B., 2014.The perfect meal: the multisensory science of food and dining. John Wiley Sons. Strong, R. (2002) A History of Grand Eating. London, Pimlico Warde, A. and Martens, L. (2000) Eating Out, Social Differentiation, consumption Pleasure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.